diff --git a/api/configs/middleware/vdb/iris_config.py b/api/configs/middleware/vdb/iris_config.py
index c532d191c3..f5993dd8f8 100644
--- a/api/configs/middleware/vdb/iris_config.py
+++ b/api/configs/middleware/vdb/iris_config.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Configuration for InterSystems IRIS vector database."""
 
+from typing import Any
+
 from pydantic import Field, PositiveInt, model_validator
 from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ class IrisVectorConfig(BaseSettings):
 
     @model_validator(mode="before")
     @classmethod
-    def validate_config(cls, values: dict) -> dict:
+    def validate_config(cls, values: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Validate IRIS configuration values.
 
         Args:
diff --git a/api/core/entities/provider_entities.py b/api/core/entities/provider_entities.py
index 5da88c0beb..95431c0e01 100644
--- a/api/core/entities/provider_entities.py
+++ b/api/core/entities/provider_entities.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class ModelLoadBalancingConfiguration(BaseModel):
 
     id: str
     name: str
-    credentials: dict
+    credentials: dict[str, Any]
     credential_source_type: str | None = None
     credential_id: str | None = None
 
diff --git a/api/core/external_data_tool/factory.py b/api/core/external_data_tool/factory.py
index 6c542d681b..f7a64cea1b 100644
--- a/api/core/external_data_tool/factory.py
+++ b/api/core/external_data_tool/factory.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ from extensions.ext_code_based_extension import code_based_extension
 
 
 class ExternalDataToolFactory:
-    def __init__(self, name: str, tenant_id: str, app_id: str, variable: str, config: dict):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, tenant_id: str, app_id: str, variable: str, config: dict[str, Any]):
         extension_class = code_based_extension.extension_class(ExtensionModule.EXTERNAL_DATA_TOOL, name)
         self.__extension_instance = extension_class(
             tenant_id=tenant_id, app_id=app_id, variable=variable, config=config
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def validate_config(cls, name: str, tenant_id: str, config: dict):
+    def validate_config(cls, name: str, tenant_id: str, config: dict[str, Any]):
         """
         Validate the incoming form config data.
 
diff --git a/api/core/model_manager.py b/api/core/model_manager.py
index d3d4d25940..36beb55d7f 100644
--- a/api/core/model_manager.py
+++ b/api/core/model_manager.py
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class ModelInstance:
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_load_balancing_manager(
-        configuration: ProviderConfiguration, model_type: ModelType, model: str, credentials: dict
+        configuration: ProviderConfiguration, model_type: ModelType, model: str, credentials: dict[str, Any]
     ) -> Optional["LBModelManager"]:
         """
         Get load balancing model credentials
diff --git a/api/core/prompt/simple_prompt_transform.py b/api/core/prompt/simple_prompt_transform.py
index 36fca60db3..d4e17613a2 100644
--- a/api/core/prompt/simple_prompt_transform.py
+++ b/api/core/prompt/simple_prompt_transform.py
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ class SimplePromptTransform(PromptTransform):
         app_mode: AppMode,
         model_config: ModelConfigWithCredentialsEntity,
         pre_prompt: str,
-        inputs: dict,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
         query: str | None = None,
         context: str | None = None,
         histories: str | None = None,
-    ) -> tuple[str, dict]:
+    ) -> tuple[str, dict[str, Any]]:
         # get prompt template
         prompt_template_config = self.get_prompt_template(
             app_mode=app_mode,
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class SimplePromptTransform(PromptTransform):
         self,
         app_mode: AppMode,
         pre_prompt: str,
-        inputs: dict,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
         query: str,
         context: str | None,
         files: Sequence["File"],
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class SimplePromptTransform(PromptTransform):
         self,
         app_mode: AppMode,
         pre_prompt: str,
-        inputs: dict,
+        inputs: dict[str, Any],
         query: str,
         context: str | None,
         files: Sequence["File"],
diff --git a/api/core/provider_manager.py b/api/core/provider_manager.py
index e3b3f83c20..39ef31632e 100644
--- a/api/core/provider_manager.py
+++ b/api/core/provider_manager.py
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ class ProviderManager:
         secret_variables: list[str],
         cache_type: ProviderCredentialsCacheType,
         is_provider: bool = False,
-    ) -> dict:
+    ) -> dict[str, Any]:
         """Get and decrypt credentials with caching."""
         credentials_cache = ProviderCredentialsCache(
             tenant_id=tenant_id,
diff --git a/api/core/rag/datasource/retrieval_service.py b/api/core/rag/datasource/retrieval_service.py
index c1654ac130..f978e072f3 100644
--- a/api/core/rag/datasource/retrieval_service.py
+++ b/api/core/rag/datasource/retrieval_service.py
@@ -174,8 +174,8 @@ class RetrievalService:
         cls,
         dataset_id: str,
         query: str,
-        external_retrieval_model: dict | None = None,
-        metadata_filtering_conditions: dict | None = None,
+        external_retrieval_model: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
+        metadata_filtering_conditions: dict[str, Any] | None = None,
     ):
         stmt = select(Dataset).where(Dataset.id == dataset_id)
         dataset = db.session.scalar(stmt)
diff --git a/api/core/rag/embedding/cached_embedding.py b/api/core/rag/embedding/cached_embedding.py
index 8d1c0da392..f5f5f541da 100644
--- a/api/core/rag/embedding/cached_embedding.py
+++ b/api/core/rag/embedding/cached_embedding.py
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ class CacheEmbedding(Embeddings):
 
         return embedding_results  # type: ignore
 
-    def embed_multimodal_query(self, multimodel_document: dict) -> list[float]:
+    def embed_multimodal_query(self, multimodel_document: dict[str, Any]) -> list[float]:
         """Embed multimodal documents."""
         # use doc embedding cache or store if not exists
         file_id = multimodel_document["file_id"]
diff --git a/api/core/rag/embedding/embedding_base.py b/api/core/rag/embedding/embedding_base.py
index 1be55bda80..ab190d2c42 100644
--- a/api/core/rag/embedding/embedding_base.py
+++ b/api/core/rag/embedding/embedding_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any
 
 
 class Embeddings(ABC):
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ class Embeddings(ABC):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def embed_multimodal_query(self, multimodel_document: dict) -> list[float]:
+    def embed_multimodal_query(self, multimodel_document: dict[str, Any]) -> list[float]:
         """Embed multimodal query."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
diff --git a/api/core/telemetry/gateway.py b/api/core/telemetry/gateway.py
index 7b013d0563..812edeeb14 100644
--- a/api/core/telemetry/gateway.py
+++ b/api/core/telemetry/gateway.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def _get_case_routing() -> dict[TelemetryCase, CaseRoute]:
     return _case_routing
 
 
-def __getattr__(name: str) -> dict:
+def __getattr__(name: str) -> Any:
     """Lazy module-level access to routing tables."""
     if name == "CASE_ROUTING":
         return _get_case_routing()
diff --git a/api/extensions/storage/clickzetta_volume/clickzetta_volume_storage.py b/api/extensions/storage/clickzetta_volume/clickzetta_volume_storage.py
index 18eed4e481..05492327c8 100644
--- a/api/extensions/storage/clickzetta_volume/clickzetta_volume_storage.py
+++ b/api/extensions/storage/clickzetta_volume/clickzetta_volume_storage.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import tempfile
 from collections.abc import Generator
 from io import BytesIO
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
 
 import clickzetta
 from pydantic import BaseModel, model_validator
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class ClickZettaVolumeConfig(BaseModel):
 
     @model_validator(mode="before")
     @classmethod
-    def validate_config(cls, values: dict):
+    def validate_config(cls, values: dict[str, Any]):
         """Validate the configuration values.
 
         This method will first try to use CLICKZETTA_VOLUME_* environment variables,
diff --git a/api/services/app_model_config_service.py b/api/services/app_model_config_service.py
index 2013c869af..8252de7753 100644
--- a/api/services/app_model_config_service.py
+++ b/api/services/app_model_config_service.py
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+from typing import Any
+
 from core.app.apps.agent_chat.app_config_manager import AgentChatAppConfigManager
 from core.app.apps.chat.app_config_manager import ChatAppConfigManager
 from core.app.apps.completion.app_config_manager import CompletionAppConfigManager
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ from models.model import AppMode, AppModelConfigDict
 
 class AppModelConfigService:
     @classmethod
-    def validate_configuration(cls, tenant_id: str, config: dict, app_mode: AppMode) -> AppModelConfigDict:
+    def validate_configuration(cls, tenant_id: str, config: dict[str, Any], app_mode: AppMode) -> AppModelConfigDict:
         match app_mode:
             case AppMode.CHAT:
                 return ChatAppConfigManager.config_validate(tenant_id, config)
diff --git a/api/services/auth/api_key_auth_service.py b/api/services/auth/api_key_auth_service.py
index 3282dcfb11..36b1517056 100644
--- a/api/services/auth/api_key_auth_service.py
+++ b/api/services/auth/api_key_auth_service.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import json
+from typing import Any
 
 from sqlalchemy import select
 
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class ApiKeyAuthService:
         return data_source_api_key_bindings
 
     @staticmethod
-    def create_provider_auth(tenant_id: str, args: dict):
+    def create_provider_auth(tenant_id: str, args: dict[str, Any]):
         auth_result = ApiKeyAuthFactory(args["provider"], args["credentials"]).validate_credentials()
         if auth_result:
             # Encrypt the api key
diff --git a/api/services/tools/tools_transform_service.py b/api/services/tools/tools_transform_service.py
index 8149732936..47aca9b0af 100644
--- a/api/services/tools/tools_transform_service.py
+++ b/api/services/tools/tools_transform_service.py
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ class ToolTransformService:
 
     @staticmethod
     def convert_builtin_provider_to_credential_entity(
-        provider: BuiltinToolProvider, credentials: dict
+        provider: BuiltinToolProvider, credentials: dict[str, Any]
     ) -> ToolProviderCredentialApiEntity:
         return ToolProviderCredentialApiEntity(
             id=provider.id,