diff --git a/components/article/PlatformPicker.tsx b/components/article/PlatformPicker.tsx
index 16ee3b9f0a..accb40ae3f 100644
--- a/components/article/PlatformPicker.tsx
+++ b/components/article/PlatformPicker.tsx
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { sendEvent, EventType } from 'components/lib/events'
 import { useRouter } from 'next/router'
 
 import { useArticleContext } from 'components/context/ArticleContext'
-import parseUserAgent from 'components/lib/user-agent'
+import { parseUserAgent } from 'components/lib/user-agent'
 
 const platforms = [
   { id: 'mac', label: 'Mac' },
diff --git a/components/lib/events.ts b/components/lib/events.ts
index 2f65b8056a..7a1758342a 100644
--- a/components/lib/events.ts
+++ b/components/lib/events.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* eslint-disable camelcase */
 import { v4 as uuidv4 } from 'uuid'
 import Cookies from 'js-cookie'
-import parseUserAgent from './user-agent'
+import { parseUserAgent } from './user-agent'
 
 const COOKIE_NAME = '_docs-events'
 
diff --git a/components/lib/user-agent.ts b/components/lib/user-agent.ts
index 60d52a14b7..377e765988 100644
--- a/components/lib/user-agent.ts
+++ b/components/lib/user-agent.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const BROWSER_REGEXPS = [
   /ms(ie)\/([^\s)]+)/i,
 ]
 
-export default function parseUserAgent(ua = navigator.userAgent) {
+export function parseUserAgent(ua = navigator.userAgent) {
   ua = ua.toLowerCase()
   const osRe = OS_REGEXPS.find((re) => re.test(ua))
   let [, os = 'other', os_version = '0'] = (osRe && ua.match(osRe)) || []
diff --git a/jest.config.js b/jest.config.js
index 7539481b98..404781c322 100644
--- a/jest.config.js
+++ b/jest.config.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ let reporters = ['default']
 
 if (testTranslation) {
   // only use custom reporter if we are linting translations
+  // Remove this when removing translations directory B504EDD0
   reporters = ['<rootDir>/tests/helpers/lint-translation-reporter.js']
 } else if (isActions) {
   reporters.push('jest-github-actions-reporter')
diff --git a/script/i18n/lint-translation-files.js b/script/i18n/lint-translation-files.js
index 58a784fe0f..93e6db9531 100755
--- a/script/i18n/lint-translation-files.js
+++ b/script/i18n/lint-translation-files.js
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 //
 // [end-readme]
 
+// Remove this when removing translations directory B504EDD0
+
 import { execSync } from 'child_process'
 import { program } from 'commander'
 import fs from 'fs'
diff --git a/tests/content/crowdin-config.js b/tests/content/crowdin-config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index fb216e545d..0000000000
--- a/tests/content/crowdin-config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-import CrowdinConfig from '../helpers/crowdin-config.js'
-import { loadPages } from '../../lib/page-data.js'
-import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
-
-const config = CrowdinConfig.read()
-const ignoredPagePaths = config.files[0].ignore
-const ignoredDataPaths = config.files[2].ignore
-
-describe('crowdin.yml config file', () => {
-  jest.setTimeout(60 * 1000)
-
-  let pages
-  beforeAll(async () => {
-    pages = await loadPages()
-  })
-
-  test('has expected file structure', async () => {
-    expect(config.files.length).toBe(3)
-    expect(config.files[0].source).toBe('/content/**/*.md')
-    expect(config.files[0].ignore).toContain('/content/README.md')
-  })
-
-  test('ignores all Early Access paths', async () => {
-    expect(ignoredPagePaths).toContain('/content/early-access')
-    expect(ignoredDataPaths).toContain('/data/early-access')
-  })
-
-  test('ignores all hidden pages', async () => {
-    const hiddenPages = pages
-      .filter(
-        (page) => page.hidden && page.languageCode === 'en' && !page.hasExperimentalAlternative
-      )
-      .map((page) => `/content/${page.relativePath}`)
-    const overlooked = hiddenPages.filter((page) => !isIgnored(page, ignoredPagePaths))
-    const message = `Found some hidden pages that are not yet excluded from localization.
-      Please copy and paste the lines below into the \`ignore\` section of /crowdin.yml: \n\n"${overlooked.join(
-        '",\n"'
-      )}"`
-
-    // This may not be true anymore given the separation of Early Access docs
-    // expect(hiddenPages.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-    expect(ignoredPagePaths.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-    expect(overlooked, message).toHaveLength(0)
-  })
-})
-
-// file is ignored if its exact filename in the list,
-// or if it's within an ignored directory
-function isIgnored(filename, ignoredPagePaths) {
-  return ignoredPagePaths.some((ignoredPath) => {
-    const isDirectory = !ignoredPath.endsWith('.md')
-    return ignoredPath === filename || (isDirectory && filename.startsWith(ignoredPath))
-  })
-}
diff --git a/tests/content/featured-links.js b/tests/content/featured-links.js
index 476fc3a549..b2dbca5e7d 100644
--- a/tests/content/featured-links.js
+++ b/tests/content/featured-links.js
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
 
 import { beforeAll, jest } from '@jest/globals'
 import nock from 'nock'
-import japaneseCharacters from 'japanese-characters'
 
 import { getDOM, getJSON } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
 import enterpriseServerReleases from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
@@ -49,23 +48,6 @@ describe('featuredLinks', () => {
       ).toBe(true)
     })
 
-    test('localized intro links link to localized pages', async () => {
-      const $jaPages = await getDOM('/ja')
-      const $enPages = await getDOM('/en')
-      const $jaFeaturedLinks = $jaPages('[data-testid=article-list] a')
-      const $enFeaturedLinks = $enPages('[data-testid=article-list] a')
-      expect($jaFeaturedLinks.length).toBe($enFeaturedLinks.length)
-      expect($jaFeaturedLinks.eq(0).attr('href').startsWith('/ja')).toBe(true)
-
-      // Footer translations change very rarely if ever, so we can more
-      // reliably test those text values for the language
-      const footerText = []
-      $jaPages('footer a').each((index, element) => {
-        footerText.push($jaPages(element).text())
-      })
-      expect(footerText.some((elem) => japaneseCharacters.presentIn(elem)))
-    })
-
     test('Enterprise user intro links have expected values', async () => {
       const $ = await getDOM(`/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/user/get-started`)
       const $featuredLinks = $('[data-testid=article-list] a')
diff --git a/tests/content/glossary.js b/tests/content/glossary.js
index 12bbae0664..fef36c2882 100644
--- a/tests/content/glossary.js
+++ b/tests/content/glossary.js
@@ -37,13 +37,6 @@ describe('glossaries', () => {
     })
   })
 
-  test('non-English external glossary is in correct order', async () => {
-    const vals = loadSiteData().ja.site.data.glossaries.external
-    vals.forEach((val, i) => {
-      expect(val.term.localeCompare(vals[i + 1], 'ja')).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-    })
-  })
-
   test('candidates all have a term, but no description', async () => {
     expect(glossaries.candidates.length).toBeGreaterThan(20)
     glossaries.candidates.forEach((entry) => {
diff --git a/tests/content/search.js b/tests/content/search.js
index e42898d5c6..f99423cb7a 100644
--- a/tests/content/search.js
+++ b/tests/content/search.js
@@ -31,16 +31,6 @@ describe('search', () => {
       })
     })
   })
-
-  test('has Lunr index for every language for dotcom', async () => {
-    expect(languageCodes.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-    languageCodes.forEach((languageCode) => {
-      const indexName = `${namePrefix}-dotcom-${languageCode}`
-      const indexRecordName = `${indexName}-records`
-      expect(lunrIndexNames.includes(indexName)).toBe(true)
-      expect(lunrIndexNames.includes(indexRecordName)).toBe(true)
-    })
-  })
 })
 
 function getDate(date) {
diff --git a/tests/content/site-data.js b/tests/content/site-data.js
index 46f6f2fe2f..cb473d8208 100644
--- a/tests/content/site-data.js
+++ b/tests/content/site-data.js
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ describe('siteData module (English)', () => {
 
   test('sets a top-level key for each language', async () => {
     expect('en' in data).toEqual(true)
-    expect('ja' in data).toEqual(true)
   })
 
   test('includes English variables', async () => {
@@ -35,16 +34,6 @@ describe('siteData module (English)', () => {
     expect(reusable).toBe('1. Change the current working directory to your local repository.')
   })
 
-  test('includes Japanese variables', async () => {
-    const prodName = get(data, 'ja.site.data.variables.product.prodname_dotcom')
-    expect(prodName).toBe('GitHub')
-  })
-
-  test('includes Japanese reusables', async () => {
-    const reusable = get(data, 'ja.site.data.reusables.audit_log.octicon_icon')
-    expect(reusable.includes('任意のページの左上で')).toBe(true)
-  })
-
   test('all Liquid tags are valid', async () => {
     const dataMap = flat(data)
     for (const key in dataMap) {
diff --git a/tests/content/site-tree.js b/tests/content/site-tree.js
index 64551eb266..8d930eb235 100644
--- a/tests/content/site-tree.js
+++ b/tests/content/site-tree.js
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import revalidator from 'revalidator'
 import schema from '../helpers/schemas/site-tree-schema.js'
 import EnterpriseServerReleases from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
 import { loadSiteTree } from '../../lib/page-data.js'
-import japaneseCharacters from 'japanese-characters'
 import nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion from '../../lib/non-enterprise-default-version.js'
 import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
 
@@ -18,7 +17,6 @@ describe('siteTree', () => {
 
   test('has language codes as top-level keys', () => {
     expect('en' in siteTree).toBe(true)
-    expect('ja' in siteTree).toBe(true)
   })
 
   test('object order and structure', () => {
@@ -29,19 +27,6 @@ describe('siteTree', () => {
   })
 
   describe('localized titles', () => {
-    // skipped because it has rendering errors. See translations/log/ja-resets.csv
-    test.skip('titles for categories', () => {
-      const japaneseTitle =
-        siteTree.ja[nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion].childPages[0].childPages[0].page.title
-      expect(typeof japaneseTitle).toBe('string')
-      expect(japaneseCharacters.presentIn(japaneseTitle)).toBe(true)
-
-      const englishTitle =
-        siteTree.en[nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion].childPages[0].childPages[0].page.title
-      expect(typeof englishTitle).toBe('string')
-      expect(japaneseCharacters.presentIn(englishTitle)).toBe(false)
-    })
-
     test('articles that include site data in liquid templating', async () => {
       const ghesLatest = `enterprise-server@${latestEnterpriseRelease}`
       const ghesSiteTree = siteTree.en[ghesLatest]
diff --git a/tests/helpers/crowdin-config.js b/tests/helpers/crowdin-config.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5d10555146..0000000000
--- a/tests/helpers/crowdin-config.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
-import path from 'path'
-import fs from 'fs'
-import yaml from 'js-yaml'
-const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
-
-export const read = function () {
-  const filename = path.join(__dirname, '../../crowdin.yml')
-  return yaml.load(fs.readFileSync(filename, 'utf8'), { filename })
-}
-
-export default { read }
diff --git a/tests/helpers/e2etest.js b/tests/helpers/e2etest.js
index 2e1ef00ba0..6195b72c4c 100644
--- a/tests/helpers/e2etest.js
+++ b/tests/helpers/e2etest.js
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ export async function get(
     followRedirects: false,
     followAllRedirects: false,
     headers: {},
-    cookieJar: undefined,
   }
 ) {
   const method = opts.method || 'get'
@@ -22,7 +21,6 @@ export async function get(
       body: opts.body,
       headers: opts.headers,
       retry: { limit: 0 },
-      cookieJar: opts.cookieJar,
       throwHttpErrors: false,
       followRedirect: opts.followAllRedirects || opts.followRedirects,
     },
@@ -62,14 +60,13 @@ export function post(route, opts) {
 
 export async function getDOM(
   route,
-  { headers, allow500s, allow404, cookieJar } = {
+  { headers, allow500s, allow404 } = {
     headers: undefined,
     allow500s: false,
     allow404: false,
-    cookieJar: undefined,
   }
 ) {
-  const res = await get(route, { followRedirects: true, headers, cookieJar })
+  const res = await get(route, { followRedirects: true, headers })
   if (!allow500s && res.status >= 500) {
     throw new Error(`Server error (${res.status}) on ${route}`)
   }
diff --git a/tests/helpers/lint-translation-reporter.js b/tests/helpers/lint-translation-reporter.js
index dae6fc02b8..3e532f66f5 100644
--- a/tests/helpers/lint-translation-reporter.js
+++ b/tests/helpers/lint-translation-reporter.js
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// Remove this when removing translations directory B504EDD0
+
 import chalk from 'chalk'
 import stripAnsi from 'strip-ansi'
 import { groupBy } from 'lodash-es'
diff --git a/tests/helpers/schemas/languages-schema.js b/tests/helpers/schemas/languages-schema.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 73099ceedc..0000000000
--- a/tests/helpers/schemas/languages-schema.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-export default {
-  properties: {
-    name: {
-      required: true,
-      description: 'the English name',
-      type: 'string',
-    },
-
-    nativeName: {
-      description: 'the native name',
-      type: 'string',
-    },
-
-    code: {
-      required: true,
-      description: 'the code used in the URL',
-      type: 'string',
-      minLength: 2,
-      maxLength: 2,
-    },
-
-    dir: {
-      required: true,
-      description: 'the local relative path to files in this language',
-      type: 'string',
-    },
-
-    // https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077
-    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes
-    // http://unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-codes.html
-    hreflang: {
-      required: true,
-      description: 'the ISO 639-1, ISO 3166-1 Alpha 2, or ISO 15924 language code',
-      type: 'string',
-      minLength: 2,
-    },
-
-    redirectPatterns: {
-      description: 'array of regular expressions used for redirecting incorrect URLs',
-      type: 'array',
-    },
-
-    wip: {
-      description: 'boolean indicating whether translations are incomplete',
-      type: 'boolean',
-    },
-  },
-}
diff --git a/tests/linting/lint-files.js b/tests/linting/lint-files.js
index 93cf500f81..b1ef96ada2 100644
--- a/tests/linting/lint-files.js
+++ b/tests/linting/lint-files.js
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ if (!process.env.TEST_TRANSLATION) {
   )
   learningTracksToLint = zip(learningTracksYamlRelPaths, learningTracksYamlAbsPaths)
 } else {
+  // Remove this `else` when removing translations directory B504EDD0
   // get all translated markdown or yaml files by comparing files changed to main branch
   const changedFilesRelPaths = execSync(
     'git -c diff.renameLimit=10000 diff --name-only origin/main',
diff --git a/tests/rendering/block-robots.js b/tests/rendering/block-robots.js
index 8bc7041391..2e93df331f 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/block-robots.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/block-robots.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { blockIndex } from '../../middleware/block-robots.js'
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
 import { productMap } from '../../lib/all-products.js'
 import enterpriseServerReleases from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
 
@@ -14,13 +13,6 @@ describe('block robots', () => {
     expect(allowIndex('/en/articles/verifying-your-email-address')).toBe(true)
   })
 
-  it('allows crawling of generally available localized content', async () => {
-    Object.values(languages).forEach((language) => {
-      expect(allowIndex(`/${language.code}`)).toBe(true)
-      expect(allowIndex(`/${language.code}/articles/verifying-your-email-address`)).toBe(true)
-    })
-  })
-
   it('disallows crawling of WIP products', async () => {
     const wipProductIds = Object.values(productMap)
       .filter((product) => product.wip)
@@ -29,19 +21,11 @@ describe('block robots', () => {
     wipProductIds.forEach((id) => {
       const { href } = productMap[id]
       const blockedPaths = [
-        // English
         `/en${href}`,
         `/en${href}/overview`,
         `/en${href}/overview/intro`,
         `/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/user${href}`,
         `/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.oldestSupported}/user${href}`,
-
-        // Japanese
-        `/ja${href}`,
-        `/ja${href}/overview`,
-        `/ja${href}/overview/intro`,
-        `/ja/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/user${href}`,
-        `/ja/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.oldestSupported}/user${href}`,
       ]
 
       blockedPaths.forEach((path) => {
@@ -59,14 +43,7 @@ describe('block robots', () => {
       const { versions } = productMap[id]
       const blockedPaths = versions
         .map((version) => {
-          return [
-            // English
-            `/en/${version}/${id}`,
-            `/en/${version}/${id}/some-early-access-article`,
-            // Japanese
-            `/ja/${version}/${id}`,
-            `/ja/${version}/${id}/some-early-access-article`,
-          ]
+          return [`/en/${version}/${id}`, `/en/${version}/${id}/some-early-access-article`]
         })
         .flat()
 
@@ -90,16 +67,10 @@ describe('block robots', () => {
   it('disallows crawling of deprecated enterprise releases', async () => {
     enterpriseServerReleases.deprecated.forEach((version) => {
       const blockedPaths = [
-        // English
         `/en/enterprise-server@${version}/actions`,
         `/en/enterprise/${version}/actions`,
         `/en/enterprise-server@${version}/actions/overview`,
         `/en/enterprise/${version}/actions/overview`,
-        // Japanese
-        `/ja/enterprise-server@${version}/actions`,
-        `/ja/enterprise/${version}/actions`,
-        `/ja/enterprise-server@${version}/actions/overview`,
-        `/ja/enterprise/${version}/actions/overview`,
       ]
 
       blockedPaths.forEach((path) => {
diff --git a/tests/rendering/breadcrumbs.js b/tests/rendering/breadcrumbs.js
index db31e6f57b..aeb9e46987 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/breadcrumbs.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/breadcrumbs.js
@@ -83,12 +83,6 @@ describe('breadcrumbs', () => {
       const $breadcrumbs = $('[data-testid=breadcrumbs] a')
       expect($breadcrumbs[0].attribs.href).toBe('/en/get-started')
     })
-
-    test('localized breadcrumbs link to localize pages', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/ja/get-started/learning-about-github')
-      const $breadcrumbs = $('[data-testid=breadcrumbs] a')
-      expect($breadcrumbs[0].attribs.href).toBe('/ja/get-started')
-    })
   })
 
   describeInternalOnly('early access rendering', () => {
diff --git a/tests/rendering/curated-homepage-links.js b/tests/rendering/curated-homepage-links.js
index ccbba75c04..e5a6e5a352 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/curated-homepage-links.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/curated-homepage-links.js
@@ -29,25 +29,4 @@ describe('curated homepage links', () => {
       expect($(el).find('p p').length).toBe(0)
     })
   })
-
-  test('Japanese', async () => {
-    const $ = await getDOM('/ja')
-    const $links = $('[data-testid=bump-link]')
-    expect($links.length).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(8)
-
-    // Check that each link is localized and includes a title and intro
-    $links.each((i, el) => {
-      const linkUrl = $(el).attr('href')
-
-      expect(linkUrl.startsWith('/ja/')).toBe(true)
-      expect(
-        $(el).find('[data-testid=link-with-intro-title]').text().trim().length,
-        `Did not find a title for the linked article ${linkUrl}`
-      ).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-      expect(
-        $(el).find('[data-testid=link-with-intro-intro]').text().trim().length,
-        `Did not find an intro for the linked article ${linkUrl}`
-      ).toBeGreaterThan(0)
-    })
-  })
 })
diff --git a/tests/rendering/head.js b/tests/rendering/head.js
index b196bda20f..3a4132421b 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/head.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/head.js
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import { getDOM } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
 import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
 
 jest.useFakeTimers({ legacyFakeTimers: true })
@@ -7,24 +6,6 @@ jest.useFakeTimers({ legacyFakeTimers: true })
 describe('<head>', () => {
   jest.setTimeout(5 * 60 * 1000)
 
-  test('includes hreflangs (references to all language versions of the same page)', async () => {
-    const $ = await getDOM('/en')
-    const $hreflangs = $('link[rel="alternate"]')
-    expect($hreflangs.length).toEqual(Object.keys(languages).length)
-    expect($('link[href="https://docs.github.com/cn"]').length).toBe(1)
-    expect($('link[href="https://docs.github.com/ja"]').length).toBe(1)
-    // Due to a bug in either NextJS, JSX, or TypeScript,
-    // when put `<link hrefLang="xxx">` in a .tsx file, this incorrectly
-    // gets rendered out as `<link hrefLang="xxx">` in the final HTML.
-    // Note the uppercase L. It's supposed to become `<link hreflang="xxx">`.
-    // When cheerio serializes to HTML, it gets this right so it lowercases
-    // the attribute. So if this rendering in this jest test was the first
-    // ever cold hit, you might get the buggy HTML from React or you
-    // might get the correct HTML from cheerio's `.html()` serializer.
-    // This is why we're looking for either.
-    expect($('link[hreflang="en"]').length + $('link[hrefLang="en"]').length).toBe(1)
-  })
-
   test('includes page intro in `description` meta tag', async () => {
     const $ = await getDOM('/en/articles/about-ssh')
     const $description = $('meta[name="description"]')
diff --git a/tests/rendering/header.js b/tests/rendering/header.js
index ba594b10a2..0351a999fc 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/header.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/header.js
@@ -6,99 +6,6 @@ import { oldestSupported } from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
 describe('header', () => {
   jest.setTimeout(5 * 60 * 1000)
 
-  test('includes localized meta tags', async () => {
-    const $ = await getDOM('/en')
-    expect($('link[rel="alternate"]').length).toBeGreaterThan(2)
-  })
-
-  test("includes a link to the homepage (in the current page's language)", async () => {
-    let $ = await getDOM('/en')
-    expect($('#github-logo a[href="/en"]').length).toBe(2)
-
-    $ = await getDOM('/ja')
-    expect($('#github-logo a[href="/ja"]').length).toBe(2)
-    expect($('#github-logo a[href="/en"]').length).toBe(0)
-  })
-
-  describe.skip('language links', () => {
-    test('lead to the same page in a different language', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM(
-        '/repositories/configuring-branches-and-merges-in-your-repository/defining-the-mergeability-of-pull-requests/managing-a-branch-protection-rule'
-      )
-      expect(
-        $(
-          'li a[href="/ja/repositories/configuring-branches-and-merges-in-your-repository/defining-the-mergeability-of-pull-requests/managing-a-branch-protection-rule"]'
-        ).length
-      ).toBe(1)
-    })
-
-    test('display the native name and the English name for each translated language', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/en')
-
-      expect($('[data-testid=language-picker] li a[href="/en"]').text().trim()).toBe('English')
-      expect($('[data-testid=language-picker] li a[href="/cn"]').text().trim()).toBe('简体中文')
-      expect($('[data-testid=language-picker] li a[href="/ja"]').text().trim()).toBe('日本語')
-    })
-
-    test('emphasize the current language', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/en')
-      expect($('[data-testid=desktop-header] [data-testid=language-picker] button').text()).toBe(
-        'English'
-      )
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('notices', () => {
-    // Docs engineering issue: 1055
-    test.skip('displays a "localization in progress" notice for WIP languages', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/de')
-      expect($('[data-testid=header-notification][data-type=TRANSLATION]').length).toBe(1)
-      expect($('[data-testid=header-notification] a[href="/en"]').length).toBe(1)
-    })
-
-    test('displays "complete" notice for non-WIP non-English languages', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/ja')
-      expect($('[data-testid=header-notification][data-type=TRANSLATION]').length).toBe(1)
-      expect($('[data-testid=header-notification] a[href="/en"]').length).toBe(1)
-    })
-
-    // Docs Engineering issue: 966
-    test.skip('does not display any notices for English', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/en')
-      expect($('[data-testid=header-notification]').length).toBe(0)
-    })
-
-    test.skip("renders a link to the same page in user's preferred language, if available", async () => {
-      // const headers = { 'accept-language': 'ja' }
-      // const $ = await getDOM('/en', { headers })
-      // expect(getUserLanguage($)).toBe('ja')
-    })
-
-    test.skip("renders a link to the same page if user's preferred language is Chinese - PRC", async () => {
-      // const headers = { 'accept-language': 'zh-CN' }
-      // const $ = await getDOM('/en', { headers })
-      // expect(getUserLanguage($)).toBe('cn')
-    })
-
-    test.skip("renders a link to the same page in user's preferred language from multiple, if available", async () => {
-      // const headers = { 'accept-language': 'ja, *;q=0.9' }
-      // const $ = await getDOM('/en', { headers })
-      // expect(getUserLanguage($)).toBe('ja')
-    })
-
-    test.skip("renders a link to the same page in user's preferred language with weights, if available", async () => {
-      // const headers = { 'accept-language': 'ja;q=1.0, *;q=0.9' }
-      // const $ = await getDOM('/en', { headers })
-      // expect(getUserLanguage($)).toBe('ja')
-    })
-
-    test.skip("renders a link to the user's 2nd preferred language if 1st is not available", async () => {
-      // const headers = { 'accept-language': 'zh-TW,zh;q=0.9,ja *;q=0.8' }
-      // const $ = await getDOM('/en', { headers })
-      // expect(getUserLanguage($)).toBe('ja')
-    })
-  })
-
   describe('mobile-only product dropdown links', () => {
     test('include Get started and admin, and emphasize the current product', async () => {
       const $ = await getDOM(
@@ -113,14 +20,6 @@ describe('header', () => {
       expect(ghec.text().trim()).toBe('Enterprise administrators')
     })
 
-    test("point to homepages in the current page's language", async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/ja/github/site-policy/github-terms-of-service')
-      const $breadcrumbRefs = $('[data-testid=breadcrumbs] a')
-      expect($breadcrumbRefs[0].attribs.href.startsWith('/ja')).toBe(true)
-      const $sidebarRefs = $('[data-testid=sidebar] a')
-      expect($sidebarRefs[0].attribs.href.startsWith('/ja')).toBe(true)
-    })
-
     test('emphasizes the product that corresponds to the current page', async () => {
       const $ = await getDOM(
         `/en/enterprise-server@${oldestSupported}/get-started/importing-your-projects-to-github/importing-source-code-to-github/importing-a-git-repository-using-the-command-line`
diff --git a/tests/rendering/page-titles.js b/tests/rendering/page-titles.js
index ac87defb08..9a4288f28d 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/page-titles.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/page-titles.js
@@ -51,13 +51,4 @@ describe('page titles', () => {
       `GitHub Enterprise Server Help Documentation - GitHub Enterprise Server ${enterpriseServerReleases.latest} Docs`
     )
   })
-
-  // TODO enable this once translated content has synced with the versioning changes
-  // Note the expected translations may need to be updated, since the English title changed
-  // from `GitHub.com Help Documentation` to `GitHub Documentation`
-  // Docs Engineering issue: 967
-  test.skip('displays only the site name on localized homepages', async () => {
-    expect((await getDOM('/cn'))('title').text()).toBe('GitHub 帮助文档')
-    expect((await getDOM('/ja'))('title').text()).toBe('GitHub ヘルプドキュメント')
-  })
 })
diff --git a/tests/rendering/products.js b/tests/rendering/products.js
index 72462beea7..8579aa5fbf 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/products.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/products.js
@@ -16,9 +16,6 @@ describe('mobile-only products nav', () => {
 
     ['/desktop', 'GitHub Desktop'],
     ['/actions', 'GitHub Actions'],
-
-    // localized
-    ['/ja/desktop', 'GitHub Desktop'],
   ]
 
   test.each(cases)('on %p, renders current product %p', async (url, name) => {
diff --git a/tests/rendering/robots-txt.js b/tests/rendering/robots-txt.js
index 5c05bad054..b51688901b 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/robots-txt.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/robots-txt.js
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
 import robotsParser from 'robots-parser'
 import { get } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
 import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
@@ -24,17 +23,6 @@ describe('robots.txt', () => {
     ).toBe(true)
   })
 
-  it('allows indexing of generally available localized content', async () => {
-    Object.values(languages).forEach((language) => {
-      expect(robots.isAllowed(`https://docs.github.com/${language.code}`)).toBe(true)
-      expect(
-        robots.isAllowed(
-          `https://docs.github.com/${language.code}/articles/verifying-your-email-address`
-        )
-      ).toBe(true)
-    })
-  })
-
   it('disallows indexing of azurecontainer.io domains', async () => {
     const res = await get('/robots.txt', {
       headers: {
diff --git a/tests/rendering/server.js b/tests/rendering/server.js
index 9b52f55307..66f71f47d5 100644
--- a/tests/rendering/server.js
+++ b/tests/rendering/server.js
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import CspParse from 'csp-parse'
 import { productMap } from '../../lib/all-products.js'
 import { SURROGATE_ENUMS } from '../../middleware/set-fastly-surrogate-key.js'
 import { describe, jest } from '@jest/globals'
-import { languageKeys } from '../../lib/languages.js'
 
 const AZURE_STORAGE_URL = 'githubdocs.azureedge.net'
 const activeProducts = Object.values(productMap).filter(
@@ -141,12 +140,6 @@ describe('server', () => {
     expect($('body').length).toBe(1)
   })
 
-  test('sets `lang` attribute on <html> attribute', async () => {
-    expect((await getDOM('/en'))('html').attr('lang')).toBe('en')
-    expect((await getDOM('/en/articles/set-up-git'))('html').attr('lang')).toBe('en')
-    expect((await getDOM('/ja'))('html').attr('lang')).toBe('ja')
-  })
-
   test('renders a 404 page', async () => {
     const $ = await getDOM('/not-a-real-page', { allow404: true })
     expect($('h1').text()).toBe('Ooops!')
@@ -360,12 +353,6 @@ describe('server', () => {
       const $ = await getDOM('/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions')
       expect($('h2#in-this-article + nav ul li a[href="#on"]').length).toBe(1)
     })
-
-    // TODO
-    test('renders mini TOC with correct links when headings contain markup in localized content', async () => {
-      const $ = await getDOM('/ja/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions')
-      expect($('h2#in-this-article + nav ul li a[href="#on"]').length).toBe(1)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('image asset paths', () => {
@@ -633,23 +620,6 @@ describe('server', () => {
       expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
     })
 
-    test('redirects / to appropriate language preference if specified', async () => {
-      await Promise.all(
-        languageKeys.map(async (languageKey) => {
-          const res = await get('/', {
-            headers: {
-              'accept-language': `${languageKey}`,
-            },
-            followRedirects: false,
-          })
-          expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-          expect(res.headers.location).toBe(`/${languageKey}`)
-          expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-          expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
-        })
-      )
-    })
-
     // This test exists because in a previous life, our NextJS used to
     // 500 if the 'Accept-Language' header was malformed.
     // We *used* have a custom middleware to cope with this and force a
@@ -749,18 +719,6 @@ describe('server', () => {
   })
 })
 
-describe('URLs by language', () => {
-  test('heading IDs and links on translated pages are in English', async () => {
-    const $ = await getDOM('/ja/site-policy/github-terms/github-terms-of-service')
-    expect($.res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-    // This check is true on either the translated version of the page, or when the title is pending translation and is in English.
-    expect($('h1')[0].children[0].data).toMatch(
-      /(GitHub利用規約|GitHub Terms of Service|GitHub のサービス条件)/
-    )
-    expect($('h2 a[href="#summary"]').length).toBe(1)
-  })
-})
-
 describe('GitHub Enterprise URLs', () => {
   test('renders the GHE user docs homepage', async () => {
     const $ = await getDOM(`/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/user/get-started`)
@@ -798,12 +756,6 @@ describe('GitHub Enterprise URLs', () => {
     expect($(`a[href^="${installationCategoryHome}/"]`).length).toBeGreaterThan(1)
   })
 
-  test('renders a translated Enterprise Admin category with English links', async () => {
-    const installationCategoryHome = `/ja/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/admin/installation`
-    const $ = await getDOM(installationCategoryHome)
-    expect($(`a[href^="${installationCategoryHome}/"]`).length).toBeGreaterThan(1)
-  })
-
   test('renders an Enterprise Admin category article', async () => {
     const $ = await getDOM(
       `/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/admin/overview/about-github-enterprise-server`
@@ -828,26 +780,6 @@ describe('GitHub Enterprise URLs', () => {
     )
     expect($.text()).toContain('Before upgrading GitHub Enterprise')
   })
-
-  test('renders Enterprise homepage in Japanese', async () => {
-    const res = await get(`/ja/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}`)
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
-
-  test('renders Enterprise Admin homepage in Japanese', async () => {
-    const res = await get(`/ja/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/admin`)
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
-
-  test('renders Enterprise homepage in Chinese', async () => {
-    const res = await get(`/cn/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}`)
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
-
-  test('renders Enterprise Admin homepage in Chinese', async () => {
-    const res = await get(`/cn/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/admin`)
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
 })
 
 describe('GitHub Desktop URLs', () => {
@@ -878,11 +810,6 @@ describe('GitHub Desktop URLs', () => {
     )
     expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
   })
-
-  test('renders the Desktop homepage in Japanese', async () => {
-    const res = await get('/ja/desktop')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
 })
 
 describe('extended Markdown', () => {
@@ -1056,15 +983,8 @@ describe('REST reference pages', () => {
     const res = await get('/en/rest/repos')
     expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
   })
-  test('view the rest/repos page in Japanese', async () => {
-    const res = await get('/ja/rest/repos')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
+
   test('deeper pages in English', async () => {
-    const res = await get('/ja/enterprise-cloud@latest/rest/code-scanning')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-  })
-  test('deeper pages in Japanese', async () => {
     const res = await get('/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/rest/code-scanning')
     expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
   })
diff --git a/tests/routing/deprecated-enterprise-versions.js b/tests/routing/deprecated-enterprise-versions.js
index e693789f5f..b02820863e 100644
--- a/tests/routing/deprecated-enterprise-versions.js
+++ b/tests/routing/deprecated-enterprise-versions.js
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import { describe, jest, test } from '@jest/globals'
 import enterpriseServerReleases from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
 import { get, getDOM } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
 import { SURROGATE_ENUMS } from '../../middleware/set-fastly-surrogate-key.js'
-import { PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME } from '../../lib/constants.js'
 
 jest.useFakeTimers({ legacyFakeTimers: true })
 
@@ -99,16 +98,7 @@ describe('recently deprecated redirects', () => {
     // Deliberately no cache control because it is user-dependent
     expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
   })
-  test('basic enterprise 3.0 redirects by cookie', async () => {
-    const res = await get('/enterprise/3.0', {
-      headers: {
-        Cookie: `${PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME}=ja`,
-      },
-      followRedirects: false,
-    })
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja/enterprise-server@3.0')
-  })
+
   test('already languaged enterprise 3.0 redirects', async () => {
     const res = await get('/en/enterprise/3.0')
     expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
@@ -132,20 +122,7 @@ describe('recently deprecated redirects', () => {
       '/en/enterprise-server@3.0/get-started/learning-about-github/githubs-products'
     )
   })
-  test('redirects enterprise-server 3.0 with actual redirect with language', async () => {
-    const res = await get(
-      '/ja/enterprise-server@3.0/github/getting-started-with-github/githubs-products'
-    )
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-    expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
-    expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toContain('public')
-    expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toMatch(/max-age=\d+/)
-    // This is based on
-    // https://github.com/github/help-docs-archived-enterprise-versions/blob/master/3.0/redirects.json
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe(
-      '/ja/enterprise-server@3.0/get-started/learning-about-github/githubs-products'
-    )
-  })
+
   test('follow redirects enterprise-server 3.0 with actual redirect without language', async () => {
     const res = await get(
       '/enterprise-server@3.0/github/getting-started-with-github/githubs-products',
diff --git a/tests/routing/language-code-redirects.js b/tests/routing/language-code-redirects.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 585d2f3701..0000000000
--- a/tests/routing/language-code-redirects.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
-
-import { get } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
-
-describe('language code redirects', () => {
-  jest.setTimeout(5 * 60 * 1000)
-
-  test('redirects accidental /jp* requests to /ja*', async () => {
-    let res = await get('/jp')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja')
-
-    res = await get('/jp/articles/about-your-personal-dashboard')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja/articles/about-your-personal-dashboard')
-  })
-
-  test('redirects accidental /zh-CN* requests to /cn*', async () => {
-    let res = await get('/zh-CN')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/cn')
-
-    res = await get('/zh-TW/articles/about-your-personal-dashboard')
-    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/cn/articles/about-your-personal-dashboard')
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/routing/redirects.js b/tests/routing/redirects.js
index 65eb194fec..47a5e12f60 100644
--- a/tests/routing/redirects.js
+++ b/tests/routing/redirects.js
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import enterpriseServerReleases, {
 import Page from '../../lib/page.js'
 import { get, head } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
 import versionSatisfiesRange from '../../lib/version-satisfies-range.js'
-import { PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME } from '../../lib/constants.js'
 
 const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
 
@@ -128,39 +127,6 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
     })
 
-    test('homepage redirects to preferred language', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/', { headers: { 'Accept-Language': 'ja' }, followRedirects: false })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja')
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
-    test('homepage redirects to preferred language by cookie', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/', {
-        headers: {
-          Cookie: `${PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME}=ja`,
-          'Accept-Language': 'es', // note how this is going to be ignored
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja')
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
-    test('homepage redirects to preferred language by cookie if valid', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/', {
-        headers: {
-          Cookie: `${PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME}=xy`,
-          'Accept-Language': 'ja', // note how this is going to be ignored
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja')
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
     test('trailing slash on languaged homepage should permantently redirect', async () => {
       const res = await get('/en/')
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
@@ -169,15 +135,6 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toContain('public')
       expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toMatch(/max-age=\d+/)
     })
-
-    test('trailing slash with query string on languaged homepage should permantently redirect', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/?foo=bar&bar=foo')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja?foo=bar&bar=foo')
-      expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toContain('public')
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toMatch(/max-age=\d+/)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('external redirects', () => {
@@ -210,87 +167,10 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe('https://gitready.com/')
     })
-
-    test('work for top-level request paths with /ja/ prefix', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/git-ready')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe('https://gitready.com/')
-    })
-  })
-
-  describe('localized redirects', () => {
-    const redirectFrom =
-      '/desktop/contributing-to-projects/changing-a-remote-s-url-from-github-desktop'
-    const redirectTo =
-      '/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop/working-with-your-remote-repository-on-github-or-github-enterprise/changing-a-remotes-url-from-github-desktop'
-
-    test('redirect_from for renamed pages', async () => {
-      const res = await get(`/ja${redirectFrom}`)
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      const expected = `/ja${redirectTo}`
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
-    })
-
-    test('redirect_from for renamed pages by Accept-Language header', async () => {
-      const res = await get(redirectFrom, {
-        headers: {
-          'Accept-Language': 'ja',
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      const expected = `/ja${redirectTo}`
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
-    test('redirect_from for renamed pages but ignore Accept-Language header if not recognized', async () => {
-      const res = await get(redirectFrom, {
-        headers: {
-          // None of these are recognized
-          'Accept-Language': 'sv,fr,gr',
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      const expected = `/en${redirectTo}`
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
-    test('redirect_from for renamed pages but ignore unrecognized Accept-Language header values', async () => {
-      const res = await get(redirectFrom, {
-        headers: {
-          // Only the last one is recognized
-          'Accept-Language': 'sv,ja',
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      const expected = `/ja${redirectTo}`
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
-
-    test('will inject the preferred language from cookie', async () => {
-      const res = await get(redirectFrom, {
-        headers: {
-          Cookie: `${PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME}=ja`,
-          'Accept-Language': 'es', // note how this is going to be ignored
-        },
-        followRedirects: false,
-      })
-      // 302 because the redirect depended on cookie
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
-      const expected = `/ja${redirectTo}`
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
-      expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
-    })
   })
 
   describe('enterprise home page', () => {
     const enterpriseHome = `/en/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}`
-    const japaneseEnterpriseHome = enterpriseHome.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('/enterprise', async () => {
       const res = await get('/enterprise')
@@ -310,12 +190,6 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(enterpriseHome)
     })
 
-    test('no version redirects to latest version (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/enterprise')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseEnterpriseHome)
-    })
-
     test('hardcoded @latest redirects to latest version', async () => {
       const res = await get('/en/enterprise-server@latest')
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
@@ -358,7 +232,6 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
     const { firstRestoredAdminGuides, getPreviousReleaseNumber, latest } = enterpriseServerReleases
     const lastBeforeRestoredAdminGuides = getPreviousReleaseNumber(firstRestoredAdminGuides)
     const enterpriseAdmin = `/en/enterprise-server@${latest}/admin`
-    const japaneseEnterpriseAdmin = enterpriseAdmin.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('no language code redirects to english', async () => {
       const res = await get(`/enterprise/${latest}/admin`)
@@ -413,30 +286,10 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       const expected = `/en/enterprise-server@${firstRestoredAdminGuides}/admin/enterprise-management/updating-the-virtual-machine-and-physical-resources/upgrading-github-enterprise-server`
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(expected)
     })
-
-    test('no version redirects to latest version (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/enterprise/admin')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseEnterpriseAdmin)
-    })
-
-    test('admin/guides redirects to admin on <2.21 (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get(`/ja/enterprise-server@${lastBeforeRestoredAdminGuides}/admin/guides`)
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(
-        japaneseEnterpriseAdmin.replace(latest, lastBeforeRestoredAdminGuides)
-      )
-    })
-
-    test('admin/guides does not redirect to admin on >=2.21 (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get(`/ja/enterprise-server@${firstRestoredAdminGuides}/admin/guides`)
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('enterprise user homepage', () => {
     const enterpriseUser = `/en/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}`
-    const japaneseEnterpriseUser = enterpriseUser.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('no product redirects to GitHub.com product', async () => {
       const res = await get(`/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/user`)
@@ -455,17 +308,10 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(enterpriseUser)
     })
-
-    test('no version redirects to latest version (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/enterprise/user/github')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseEnterpriseUser)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('enterprise user article', () => {
     const userArticle = `/en/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/get-started/quickstart/fork-a-repo`
-    const japaneseUserArticle = userArticle.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('no product redirects to GitHub.com product on the latest version', async () => {
       const res = await get(
@@ -494,18 +340,11 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(userArticle)
     })
-
-    test('no version redirects to latest version (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get('/ja/enterprise/articles/fork-a-repo')
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseUserArticle)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('enterprise user article with frontmatter redirect', () => {
     const userArticle = `/en/enterprise-server@${enterpriseServerReleases.latest}/get-started/quickstart/fork-a-repo`
     const redirectFromPath = '/articles/fork-a-repo'
-    const japaneseUserArticle = userArticle.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('redirects to expected article', async () => {
       const res = await get(
@@ -528,18 +367,11 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(userArticle)
     })
-
-    test('no version redirects to latest version (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get(`/ja/enterprise/user${redirectFromPath}`)
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseUserArticle)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('desktop guide', () => {
     const desktopGuide =
       '/en/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop/working-with-your-remote-repository-on-github-or-github-enterprise/creating-an-issue-or-pull-request'
-    const japaneseDesktopGuides = desktopGuide.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
 
     test('no language code redirects to english', async () => {
       const res = await get(
@@ -556,14 +388,6 @@ describe('redirects', () => {
       expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
       expect(res.headers.location).toBe(desktopGuide)
     })
-
-    test('desktop/guides redirects to desktop (japanese)', async () => {
-      const res = await get(
-        '/ja/desktop/guides/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop/creating-an-issue-or-pull-request'
-      )
-      expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
-      expect(res.headers.location).toBe(japaneseDesktopGuides)
-    })
   })
 
   describe('recently deprecated ghes version redirects that lack language', () => {
diff --git a/tests/translations/empty-sources-test.js b/tests/translations/empty-sources-test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 3984c1d822..0000000000
--- a/tests/translations/empty-sources-test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-import {execSync} from 'child_process'
-
-describe('source directories', () => {
-  // crowdin upload sources command fails if there are empty source files
-  // please refer to crowdin-support #117 for more details
-  it('should not contain empty files', () => {
-    const command = "find content data -type f -empty"
-    const emptyFiles = execSync(command).toString().split("\n")
-    const disallowedEmptyFiles = emptyFiles.filter(file => file.match(/\.(yml|md)$/))
-
-    expect(disallowedEmptyFiles).toEqual([])
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/translations/files.js b/tests/translations/files.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9bb020f87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/translations/files.js
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
+import { omit } from 'lodash-es'
+import walk from 'walk-sync'
+import { execSync } from 'child_process'
+import { get } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
+import { jest } from '@jest/globals'
+
+function difference (A, B) {
+  const A2 = new Set(A)
+  B.forEach(b => A2.delete(b))
+  return A2
+}
+
+const englishPaths = new Set(walk('content', {
+  directories: false,
+  ignore: ['**/README.md', 'search', 'early-access'],
+}))
+
+const nonEnglish = Object.entries(omit(languages, 'en'))
+
+const langWalksTable = nonEnglish.map(([code, lang]) => [
+  code,
+  lang,
+  new Set(walk(`${lang.dir}/content`, {
+    directories: false,
+    ignore: ['**/README.md'],
+  }))
+])
+
+describe('files', () => {
+  jest.setTimeout(60 * 1000)
+
+  test.each(Object.entries(languages))('%s matches language schema', async (_, lang) => {
+    expect(lang.name).toMatch(/\w+/)
+    if (lang.nativeName) expect(lang.nativeName).toMatch(/.+/)
+    expect(lang.code).toMatch(/\w{2}/)
+    if (lang.code !== 'en') expect(lang.dir).toMatch(/.+/)
+    expect(lang.hreflang).toMatch(/\w{2}/)
+    if (lang.redirectPatterns) expect(lang.redirectPatterns).toBeInstanceOf(Array)
+  })
+
+  // crowdin upload sources command fails if there are empty source files
+  // please refer to crowdin-support #117 for more details
+  it('should not contain empty files', () => {
+    const command = "find content data -type f -empty"
+    const emptyFiles = execSync(command).toString().split("\n")
+    const disallowedEmptyFiles = emptyFiles.filter(file => file.match(/\.(yml|md)$/))
+
+    expect(disallowedEmptyFiles).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  test.each(langWalksTable)("falls back to the English page if it can't find a %s page", async (code, lang, langPaths) => {
+    const paths = [...difference(englishPaths, langPaths)]
+      .map(path => path.replace('/index.md', ''))
+      .map(path => path.replace('.md', ''))
+    for (const path of paths) {
+      const res = await get(`/${code}/${path}`)
+      expect(res.statusCode, path).toBe(200)
+    }
+  })
+
+  test.each(langWalksTable)("only loads a %s page if there's an English page", async (code, lang, langPaths) => {
+    const paths = [...difference(langPaths, englishPaths)]
+      .map(path => path.replace('/index.md', ''))
+      .map(path => path.replace('.md', ''))
+    for (const path of paths) {
+      const res = await get(`/${code}/${path}`)
+      expect(res.statusCode, path).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(300)
+      expect(res.statusCode, path).toBeLessThanOrEqual(499)
+    }
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/translations/frame.js b/tests/translations/frame.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4723b74945
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/translations/frame.js
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import { languageKeys } from '../../lib/languages.js'
+import { blockIndex } from '../../middleware/block-robots.js'
+import { getDOM } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
+
+const langs = languageKeys.filter(lang => lang !== 'en')
+
+describe('frame', () => {
+  test.each(langs)('allows crawling of %s pages', async (lang) => {
+    expect(blockIndex(`/${lang}/articles/verifying-your-email-address`)).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('breadcrumbs link to %s pages', async (lang) => {
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}/get-started/learning-about-github`)
+    const $breadcrumbs = $('[data-testid=breadcrumbs] a')
+    expect($breadcrumbs[0].attribs.href).toBe(`/${lang}/get-started`)
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('homepage links go to %s pages', async (lang) => {
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}`)
+    const $links = $('[data-testid=bump-link]')
+    $links.each((i, el) => {
+      const linkUrl = $(el).attr('href')
+      expect(linkUrl.startsWith(`/${lang}/`)).toBe(true)
+    })
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('includes homepage hreflang to %s', async (lang) => {
+    const $ = await getDOM('/en')
+    expect($(`link[rel="alternate"][href="https://docs.github.com/${lang}"]`).length).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('sets `lang` attribute on <html> attribute in %s', async (lang) => {
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}`)
+    expect($('html').attr('lang')).toBe(lang)
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('autogenerated heading IDs on %s are in english', async (lang) => {
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}/site-policy/github-terms/github-terms-of-service`)
+    expect($('h2 a[href="#summary"]').length).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('loads the side bar via site tree in %s', async (lang) => {
+    const $en = await getDOM(`/en/get-started`)
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}/get-started`)
+    expect(
+      $(`a[href="/${lang}/get-started"]`).text()
+    ).not.toEqual(
+      $en(`a[href="/${lang}/get-started"]`).text()
+    )
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('loads the survey via site data in %s', async (lang) => {
+    const $en = await getDOM(`/en`)
+    const $ = await getDOM(`/${lang}`)
+    expect(
+      $('[data-testid="survey-form"] h2').text()
+    ).not.toEqual(
+      $en('[data-testid="survey-form"] h2').text()
+    )
+  })
+})
+
diff --git a/tests/translations/matching-liquid-tags-test.js b/tests/translations/matching-liquid-tags-test.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f43c2f111..0000000000
--- a/tests/translations/matching-liquid-tags-test.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
-import { languageFiles, compareLiquidTags } from '../../lib/liquid-tags/tokens.js'
-
-const currentTranslations = []
-
-// populate currentTranslations
-Object.keys(languages).forEach((code) => {
-  const language = languages[code]
-  if (!language.wip && code !== 'en') {
-    currentTranslations.push(language)
-  }
-})
-
-function diffToErrorString(diff) {
-  return `
-    ${diff.translation} does not match liquid tags in ${diff.file}:
-
-    ${diff.diff.output}
-  `
-}
-
-function formatMessage(parsingErrors, mismatches) {
-  return `
-    ${parsingErrors.length} files have parsing errors.
-    ${mismatches.length} files have mismatching liquid tags.
-
-    ${'#'.repeat(80)}
-    Parsing errors were found in the following files:
-    ${'#'.repeat(80)}
-
-    ${parsingErrors.map((error) => `- ${error.message}`).join('\n')}
-
-    ${'#'.repeat(80)}
-    ${mismatches.length} files do not match liquid tags:
-    ${'#'.repeat(80)}
-
-    ${mismatches.map((diff) => diffToErrorString(diff)).join('\n')}
-  `
-}
-
-describe('translated pages', () => {
-  currentTranslations.forEach((language) => {
-    test.skip(`every ${language.name} has the same number of liquid tags as the English one`, () => {
-      const mismatches = []
-      const files = languageFiles(language)
-      const parsingErrors = []
-
-      files.forEach((file) => {
-        try {
-          const comparison = compareLiquidTags(file, language)
-
-          if (comparison.diff.count > 0) {
-            mismatches.push(comparison)
-          }
-        } catch (e) {
-          parsingErrors.push(e)
-        }
-      })
-
-      const message = formatMessage(parsingErrors, mismatches)
-
-      expect(mismatches.length, message).toEqual(0)
-    })
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/translations/redirects.js b/tests/translations/redirects.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be1a948487
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/translations/redirects.js
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import { languageKeys } from '../../lib/languages.js'
+import { get } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
+import { PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME } from '../../lib/constants.js'
+
+const langs = languageKeys.filter(lang => lang !== 'en')
+
+describe('redirects', () => {
+  test.each(langs)('redirects to %s if accept-language', async (lang) => {
+    const res = await get('/get-started', {
+      headers: { 'accept-language': lang },
+      followRedirects: false,
+    })
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
+    expect(res.headers.location).toBe(`/${lang}/get-started`)
+    expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
+    expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test.each(langs)('redirects to %s if PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME', async (lang) => {
+    const res = await get('/get-started', {
+      headers: {
+        'accept-language': 'en',
+        Cookie: `${PREFERRED_LOCALE_COOKIE_NAME}=${lang}`,
+      },
+      followRedirects: false,
+    })
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(302)
+    expect(res.headers.location).toBe(`/${lang}/get-started`)
+    expect(res.headers['cache-control']).toBe('private, no-store')
+    expect(res.headers['set-cookie']).toBeUndefined()
+  })
+
+  test('redirects accidental /jp* requests to /ja*', async () => {
+    const res = await get('/jp')
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
+    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/ja')
+  })
+
+  test('redirects accidental /zh-CN* requests to /cn*', async () => {
+    const res = await get('/zh-CN')
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(301)
+    expect(res.headers.location).toBe('/cn')
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/translations/search.js b/tests/translations/search.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..451afc630f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/translations/search.js
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { languageKeys } from '../../lib/languages'
+import { get } from '../helpers/e2etest.js'
+
+const langs = languageKeys.filter(lang => lang !== 'en')
+
+// Skipping for now, as we would need to download the indexes with LFS
+// in Actions to run these. Explore again after ES switch over.
+describe.skip('search', () => {
+  test.each(langs)('search in %s', async (lang) => {
+    const res = await get(`/search?language=${lang}&version=dotcom&query=pages`)
+    expect(res.statusCode).toBe(200)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/tests/unit/detect-language.js b/tests/unit/detect-language.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e39d15e0e8..0000000000
--- a/tests/unit/detect-language.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-import { expect } from '@jest/globals'
-import { getLanguageCodeFromPath } from '../../middleware/detect-language.js'
-
-describe('detect-language - getLanguageCodeFromPath', () => {
-  test('should handle client-side routing path shape', () => {
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/_next/data/development/ja/articles/foo')).toBe('ja')
-  })
-
-  test('should not error on /_next/data/ input', () => {
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/_next/data/')).toBe('en')
-  })
-
-  test('should return for paths with an extension', () => {
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/ja.json')).toBe('ja')
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/_next/data/development/ja.json')).toBe('ja')
-  })
-
-  test('should return en for invalid languages', () => {
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/xx/articles/foo')).toBe('en')
-    expect(getLanguageCodeFromPath('/_next/data/development/xx/articles/foo')).toBe('en')
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/unit/find-page.js b/tests/unit/find-page.js
index 9692558849..51880d36a2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/find-page.js
+++ b/tests/unit/find-page.js
@@ -8,25 +8,6 @@ const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
 describe('find page', () => {
   jest.setTimeout(1000 * 1000)
 
-  test("falls back to the English page if it can't find a localized page", async () => {
-    const page = await Page.init({
-      relativePath: 'page-that-does-not-exist-in-translations-dir.md',
-      basePath: path.join(__dirname, '../fixtures'),
-      languageCode: 'en',
-    })
-
-    const englishPermalink = page.permalinks[0].href
-    const japanesePermalink = englishPermalink.replace('/en/', '/ja/')
-
-    // add named keys
-    const pageMap = {
-      [englishPermalink]: page,
-    }
-
-    const localizedPage = findPage(japanesePermalink, pageMap, {})
-    expect(typeof localizedPage.title).toBe('string')
-  })
-
   test('follows redirects', async () => {
     const page = await Page.init({
       relativePath: 'page-with-redirects.md',
diff --git a/tests/unit/get-redirect.js b/tests/unit/get-redirect.js
index fd401e4d86..0d51e67982 100644
--- a/tests/unit/get-redirect.js
+++ b/tests/unit/get-redirect.js
@@ -1,36 +1,8 @@
-import { describe, expect, test } from '@jest/globals'
+import { describe, expect } from '@jest/globals'
 
-import getRedirect, { splitPathByLanguage } from '../../lib/get-redirect.js'
+import getRedirect from '../../lib/get-redirect.js'
 import { latest } from '../../lib/enterprise-server-releases.js'
 
-describe('splitPathByLanguage', () => {
-  test('basic', () => {
-    const [language, withoutLanguage] = splitPathByLanguage('/foo/')
-    expect(language).toBe('en')
-    expect(withoutLanguage).toBe('/foo/')
-  })
-  test('already has /en in it', () => {
-    const [language, withoutLanguage] = splitPathByLanguage('/en/foo/')
-    expect(language).toBe('en')
-    expect(withoutLanguage).toBe('/foo/')
-  })
-  test('basic with different fallback', () => {
-    const [language, withoutLanguage] = splitPathByLanguage('/foo/', 'ja')
-    expect(language).toBe('ja')
-    expect(withoutLanguage).toBe('/foo/')
-  })
-  test('already has /en different fallback', () => {
-    const [language, withoutLanguage] = splitPathByLanguage('/en/foo/', 'ja')
-    expect(language).toBe('en')
-    expect(withoutLanguage).toBe('/foo/')
-  })
-  test('unrecognized prefix is ignored', () => {
-    const [language, withoutLanguage] = splitPathByLanguage('/sv/foo/')
-    expect(language).toBe('en')
-    expect(withoutLanguage).toBe('/sv/foo/')
-  })
-})
-
 describe('getRedirect basics', () => {
   it('should sometimes not correct the version prefix', () => {
     // This essentially tests legacy entries that come from the
@@ -153,20 +125,6 @@ describe('getRedirect basics', () => {
     expect(getRedirect(`/en/enterprise-cloud@latest/user/foo`, ctx)).toBeUndefined()
   })
 
-  it('should only inject language sometimes', () => {
-    const ctx = {
-      pages: {},
-      redirects: {
-        '/foo': '/bar',
-      },
-    }
-    // Nothing's needed here because it's not /admin/guides and
-    // it already has the enterprise-server prefix.
-    expect(getRedirect('/foo', ctx)).toBe('/en/bar')
-    expect(getRedirect('/en/foo', ctx)).toBe('/en/bar')
-    expect(getRedirect('/ja/foo', ctx)).toBe('/ja/bar')
-  })
-
   it('should redirect both the prefix and the path needs to change', () => {
     const ctx = {
       pages: {},
@@ -179,20 +137,6 @@ describe('getRedirect basics', () => {
     expect(getRedirect('/enterprise-server/foo', ctx)).toBe(`/en/enterprise-server@${latest}/bar`)
   })
 
-  it('should redirect according to the req.context.userLanguage', () => {
-    const ctx = {
-      pages: {},
-      redirects: {
-        '/foo': '/bar',
-      },
-      userLanguage: 'ja',
-    }
-    expect(getRedirect('/foo', ctx)).toBe(`/ja/bar`)
-    // falls back to 'en' if it's falsy
-    ctx.userLanguage = null
-    expect(getRedirect('/foo', ctx)).toBe(`/en/bar`)
-  })
-
   it('should work for some deprecated enterprise-server URLs too', () => {
     // Starting with enterprise-server 3.0, we have made redirects become
     // a *function* rather than a lookup on a massive object.
diff --git a/tests/unit/languages.js b/tests/unit/languages.js
deleted file mode 100644
index e10fb5aced..0000000000
--- a/tests/unit/languages.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import revalidator from 'revalidator'
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
-import schema from '../helpers/schemas/languages-schema.js'
-
-describe('languages module', () => {
-  test('is an object with language codes as keys', () => {
-    expect('en' in languages).toBe(true)
-    expect('ja' in languages).toBe(true)
-    expect('cn' in languages).toBe(true)
-  })
-
-  test('every language is valid', () => {
-    Object.values(languages).forEach((language) => {
-      const { valid, errors } = revalidator.validate(language, schema)
-      const expectation = JSON.stringify(errors, null, 2)
-      expect(valid, expectation).toBe(true)
-    })
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/unit/liquid-helpers.js b/tests/unit/liquid-helpers.js
index 107c0bd6b7..7589132112 100644
--- a/tests/unit/liquid-helpers.js
+++ b/tests/unit/liquid-helpers.js
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ describe('liquid helper tags', () => {
     context.pages = pageMap
     context.redirects = {
       '/en/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop': `/en/${nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion}/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop`,
-      '/ja/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop': `/ja/${nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion}/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop`,
       '/en/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop/adding-and-cloning-repositories': `/en/${nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion}/desktop/contributing-and-collaborating-using-github-desktop/adding-and-cloning-repositories`,
       '/en/github/writing-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax': `/en/${nonEnterpriseDefaultVersion}/github/writing-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax`,
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/load-translation-orphans.js b/tests/unit/load-translation-orphans.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 581c6ee23c..0000000000
--- a/tests/unit/load-translation-orphans.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-import path from 'path'
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'url'
-
-import { expect } from '@jest/globals'
-
-import languages from '../../lib/languages.js'
-import Page from '../../lib/page.js'
-import { loadPageMap, correctTranslationOrphans } from '../../lib/page-data.js'
-const __dirname = path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url))
-
-describe('loading page map with translation orphans', () => {
-  test('inject missing translations from English', async () => {
-    const basePath = path.join(__dirname, '../fixtures')
-    const page = await Page.init({
-      relativePath: 'page-that-does-not-exist-in-translations-dir.md',
-      basePath,
-      languageCode: 'en',
-    })
-    console.assert(page, 'page could not be loaded')
-
-    const pageList = [page]
-    const pageMap = await loadPageMap(await correctTranslationOrphans(pageList, basePath))
-    // It should make a copy of the English into each language
-    expect(Object.keys(pageMap).length).toBe(Object.keys(languages).length)
-
-    // +1 for the test just above, 2 tests per language.
-    expect.assertions(1 + Object.keys(languages).length * 2)
-
-    for (const languageCode of Object.keys(languages)) {
-      for (const permalink of page.permalinks) {
-        const translationHref = permalink.href.replace('/en', `/${languageCode}`)
-        const translationPage = pageMap[translationHref]
-        expect(translationPage).toBeTruthy()
-        expect(translationPage.languageCode).toBe(languageCode)
-      }
-    }
-  })
-
-  test('remove translation pages that were not in English', async () => {
-    const basePath = path.join(__dirname, '../fixtures')
-    const page = await Page.init({
-      relativePath: 'page-that-does-not-exist-in-translations-dir.md',
-      basePath,
-      languageCode: 'en',
-    })
-    console.assert(page, 'page could not be loaded')
-    const orphan = await Page.init({
-      relativePath: 'article-with-videos.md',
-      basePath,
-      languageCode: 'ja',
-    })
-    console.assert(orphan, 'page could not be loaded')
-    const orphanPermalinks = orphan.permalinks.map((p) => p.href)
-
-    const pageList = await correctTranslationOrphans([page, orphan], basePath)
-    const pageMap = await loadPageMap(pageList)
-    expect(pageMap[orphanPermalinks[0]]).toBeFalsy()
-    expect(Object.keys(pageMap).length).toBe(Object.keys(languages).length)
-  })
-})
diff --git a/tests/unit/page.js b/tests/unit/page.js
index ca572f83da..d1b9150477 100644
--- a/tests/unit/page.js
+++ b/tests/unit/page.js
@@ -31,15 +31,6 @@ describe('Page class', () => {
     expect(page.fullPath.includes(page.relativePath)).toBe(true)
   })
 
-  test('does not error out on translated TOC with no links', async () => {
-    const page = await Page.init({
-      relativePath: 'translated-toc-with-no-links-index.md',
-      basePath: path.join(__dirname, '../fixtures'),
-      languageCode: 'ja',
-    })
-    expect(typeof page.title).toBe('string')
-  })
-
   describe('showMiniToc page property', () => {
     let article, articleWithFM, tocPage
 
@@ -612,17 +603,6 @@ describe('Page class', () => {
     it('works for the homepage', () => {
       const variants = Page.getLanguageVariants('/en')
       expect(variants.find(({ code }) => code === 'en').href).toBe('/en')
-      // expect(variants.find(({ code }) => code === 'ja').href).toBe('/ja')
-    })
-
-    it('works for enterprise URLs', () => {
-      const variants = Page.getLanguageVariants(
-        `/ja/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.oldestSupported}/user/articles/github-glossary`
-      )
-      expect(variants.find(({ code }) => code === 'en').href).toBe(
-        `/en/enterprise/${enterpriseServerReleases.oldestSupported}/user/articles/github-glossary`
-      )
-      // expect(variants.find(({ code }) => code === 'ja').href).toBe('/ja/enterprise/2.14/user/articles/github-glossary')
     })
   })
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/pages.js b/tests/unit/pages.js
index 32f97d35cf..271afeeb2b 100644
--- a/tests/unit/pages.js
+++ b/tests/unit/pages.js
@@ -6,24 +6,12 @@ import { liquid } from '../../lib/render-content/index.js'
 import patterns from '../../lib/patterns.js'
 import GithubSlugger from 'github-slugger'
 import { decode } from 'html-entities'
-import walk from 'walk-sync'
-import { chain, difference, pick } from 'lodash-es'
+import { chain, pick } from 'lodash-es'
 import checkIfNextVersionOnly from '../../lib/check-if-next-version-only.js'
 import removeFPTFromPath from '../../lib/remove-fpt-from-path.js'
 const languageCodes = Object.keys(libLanguages)
 const slugger = new GithubSlugger()
 
-// By default, the tests don't change that each translation has an
-// equivalent English page (e.g. `translations/*/content/foo.md`
-// expects `content/foo.md`)
-// Set the environment variable `TEST_TRANSLATION_MATCHING=true`
-// to enable that test.
-const testIfRequireTranslationMatching = JSON.parse(
-  process.env.TEST_TRANSLATION_MATCHING || 'false'
-)
-  ? test
-  : test.skip
-
 describe('pages module', () => {
   jest.setTimeout(60 * 1000)
 
@@ -163,30 +151,6 @@ describe('pages module', () => {
       const failureMessage = JSON.stringify(liquidErrors, null, 2)
       expect(liquidErrors.length, failureMessage).toBe(0)
     })
-
-    testIfRequireTranslationMatching(
-      'every non-English page has a matching English page',
-      async () => {
-        const englishPaths = chain(walk('content', { directories: false }))
-          .uniq()
-          .value()
-
-        const nonEnglishPaths = chain(Object.values(libLanguages))
-          .filter((language) => language.code !== 'en')
-          .map((language) => walk(`${language.dir}/content`, { directories: false }))
-          .flatten()
-          .uniq()
-          .value()
-
-        const diff = difference(nonEnglishPaths, englishPaths)
-        const failureMessage = `
-Found ${diff.length} non-English pages without a matching English page:\n - ${diff.join('\n - ')}
-
-Remove them with script/i18n/prune-stale-files.js and commit your changes using "git commit --no-verify".
-`
-        expect(diff.length, failureMessage).toBe(0)
-      }
-    )
   })
 
   describe('loadPageMap', () => {
diff --git a/tests/javascripts/user-agent.js b/tests/unit/user-agent.js
similarity index 96%
rename from tests/javascripts/user-agent.js
rename to tests/unit/user-agent.js
index 49bc60b84a..b11e03c6ec 100644
--- a/tests/javascripts/user-agent.js
+++ b/tests/unit/user-agent.js
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import parseUserAgent from '../../components/lib/user-agent'
+import { parseUserAgent } from '../../components/lib/user-agent.ts'
 
 describe('parseUserAgent', () => {
   it('android, chrome', () => {