diff --git a/internal/addrs/module_source.go b/internal/addrs/module_source.go
index 5c258533e7..dd501fceb6 100644
--- a/internal/addrs/module_source.go
+++ b/internal/addrs/module_source.go
@@ -113,6 +113,14 @@ func ParseModuleSource(raw string) (ModuleSource, error) {
 	return remoteAddr, nil
 }
 
+func MustParseModuleSource(raw string) ModuleSource {
+	ret, err := ParseModuleSource(raw)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
 // ModuleSourceLocal is a ModuleSource representing a local path reference
 // from the caller's directory to the callee's directory within the same
 // module package.
diff --git a/internal/addrs/module_source_resolve.go b/internal/addrs/module_source_resolve.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c2894bc76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/addrs/module_source_resolve.go
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package addrs
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io/fs"
+	"path"
+)
+
+// FIXME: Everything in here should have unit tests
+
+// ResolveRelativeModuleSource calculates a new source address from the
+// combination of two other source addresses, if possible.
+func ResolveRelativeModuleSource(a, b ModuleSource) (ModuleSource, error) {
+	bLocal, ok := b.(ModuleSourceLocal)
+	if !ok {
+		return b, nil // non-local source addresses are always absolute
+	}
+	bRaw := string(bLocal)
+
+	switch a := a.(type) {
+	case ModuleSourceLocal:
+		aRaw := string(a)
+		new := path.Join(aRaw, bRaw)
+		if !isModuleSourceLocal(new) {
+			new = "./" + new // ModuleSourceLocal must always have a suitable prefix
+		}
+		return ModuleSourceLocal(new), nil
+	case ModuleSourceRegistry:
+		aSub := a.Subdir
+		newSub, err := joinModuleSourceSubPath(aSub, bRaw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid relative path from %s: %w", a.String(), err)
+		}
+		return ModuleSourceRegistry{
+			Package: a.Package,
+			Subdir:  newSub,
+		}, nil
+	case ModuleSourceRemote:
+		aSub := a.Subdir
+		newSub, err := joinModuleSourceSubPath(aSub, bRaw)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid relative path from %s: %w", a.String(), err)
+		}
+		return ModuleSourceRemote{
+			Package: a.Package,
+			Subdir:  newSub,
+		}, nil
+	default:
+		// Should not get here, because the cases above should cover all
+		// of the implementations of [ModuleSource].
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported ModuleSource type %T", a))
+	}
+}
+
+func joinModuleSourceSubPath(subPath, rel string) (string, error) {
+	new := path.Join(subPath, rel)
+	if new == "." {
+		return "", nil // the root of the package
+	}
+	// If subPath was valid then "." and ".." segments can only appear
+	// if "rel" has too many "../" segments, causing it to "escape" from
+	// its package root.
+	if !fs.ValidPath(new) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("relative path %s has too many \"../\" segments", rel)
+	}
+	return new, nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/config.go b/internal/lang/eval/config.go
index 7c4c209ae1..96833e613b 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/config.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/config.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue"
-	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/exprs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
 )
@@ -108,13 +107,12 @@ func (c *ConfigInstance) newRootModuleInstance(ctx context.Context, glue evalglu
 	if diags.HasErrors() {
 		return nil, diags
 	}
-	rootModuleCall := &tofu2024.ModuleInstanceCall{
-		CalleeAddr:           addrs.RootModuleInstance,
+	ret, moreDiags := rootModule.CompileModuleInstance(ctx, &evalglue.ModuleCall{
 		InputValues:          c.inputValues,
-		EvaluationGlue:       glue,
 		AllowImpureFunctions: c.allowImpureFunctions,
+		EvaluationGlue:       glue,
 		EvalContext:          c.evalContext,
-	}
-	rootModuleInstance := tofu2024.CompileModuleInstance(ctx, rootModule, c.rootModuleSource, rootModuleCall)
-	return rootModuleInstance, diags
+	})
+	diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+	return ret, diags
 }
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/config_validate_test.go b/internal/lang/eval/config_validate_test.go
index 04aac608d7..c015ba674c 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/config_validate_test.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/config_validate_test.go
@@ -220,3 +220,68 @@ func TestValidate_resourceValid(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected errors: %s", diags.Err())
 	}
 }
+
+func TestValidate_childModuleCallValuesOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	configInst, diags := eval.NewConfigInstance(t.Context(), &eval.ConfigCall{
+		EvalContext: evalglue.EvalContextForTesting(t, &eval.EvalContext{
+			Modules: eval.ModulesForTesting(map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module{
+				addrs.ModuleSourceLocal("."): configs.ModuleFromStringForTesting(t, `
+					variable "in" {
+						type = string
+					}
+					module "child" {
+						source = "./child"
+
+						input = var.in
+					}
+					output "out" {
+						value = module.child.result
+					}
+				`),
+				addrs.ModuleSourceLocal("./child"): configs.ModuleFromStringForTesting(t, `
+					variable "input" {
+						type = string
+					}
+					output "result" {
+						value = var.input
+					}
+				`),
+			}),
+			Providers: eval.ProvidersForTesting(map[addrs.Provider]*providers.GetProviderSchemaResponse{
+				addrs.MustParseProviderSourceString("test/foo"): {
+					Provider: providers.Schema{
+						Block: &configschema.Block{},
+					},
+					ResourceTypes: map[string]providers.Schema{
+						"foo": {
+							Block: &configschema.Block{
+								Attributes: map[string]*configschema.Attribute{
+									"name": {
+										Type:     cty.String,
+										Required: true,
+									},
+									"id": {
+										Type:     cty.String,
+										Computed: true,
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			}),
+		}),
+		RootModuleSource: addrs.ModuleSourceLocal("."),
+		InputValues: eval.InputValuesForTesting(map[string]cty.Value{
+			"in": cty.StringVal("foo bar baz"),
+		}),
+	})
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected errors: %s", diags.Err())
+	}
+
+	diags = configInst.Validate(t.Context())
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected errors: %s", diags.Err())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/eval_context.go b/internal/lang/eval/eval_context.go
index a9e6476de8..17d47b08b0 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/eval_context.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/eval_context.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs/configschema"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/providers"
 )
 
@@ -24,7 +25,11 @@ type Provisioners = evalglue.Provisioners
 type ExternalModules = evalglue.ExternalModules
 
 func ModulesForTesting(modules map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module) ExternalModules {
-	return evalglue.ModulesForTesting(modules)
+	// This one actually lives in tofu2024 because evalglue isn't allowed to
+	// depend on tofu2024 itself, but from the caller's perspective this is
+	// still presented as an evalglue re-export because the return type belongs
+	// to that package.
+	return tofu2024.ModulesForTesting(modules)
 }
 
 func ProvidersForTesting(schemas map[addrs.Provider]*providers.GetProviderSchemaResponse) Providers {
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/instances_test.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/instances_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d950fe4d68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/instances_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package configgraph
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"maps"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/instances"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+// singleInstanceSelectorForTesting returns an [InstanceSelector] that
+// reports a single no-key instance, similar to when there are no repetition
+// arguments at all or when "enabled = true".
+func singleInstanceSelectorForTesting() InstanceSelector {
+	return &instanceSelectorForTesting{
+		keyType: addrs.NoKeyType,
+		instances: map[addrs.InstanceKey]instances.RepetitionData{
+			addrs.NoKey: instances.RepetitionData{},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+// disabledInstanceSelectorForTesting returns an [InstanceSelector] that
+// mimics what happens when "enabled = false".
+func disabledInstanceSelectorForTesting() InstanceSelector {
+	return &instanceSelectorForTesting{
+		keyType:   addrs.NoKeyType,
+		instances: nil,
+	}
+}
+
+// countInstanceSelectorForTesting returns an [InstanceSelector] that behaves
+// similarly to how we treat the "count" meta-argument.
+func countInstanceSelectorForTesting(count int) InstanceSelector {
+	insts := make(map[addrs.InstanceKey]instances.RepetitionData, count)
+	for i := range count {
+		insts[addrs.IntKey(i)] = instances.RepetitionData{
+			CountIndex: cty.NumberIntVal(int64(i)),
+		}
+	}
+	return &instanceSelectorForTesting{
+		keyType:   addrs.IntKeyType,
+		instances: insts,
+	}
+}
+
+// countInstanceSelectorForTesting returns an [InstanceSelector] that behaves
+// similarly to how we treat the "for_each" meta-argument.
+func forEachInstanceSelectorForTesting(elems map[string]cty.Value) InstanceSelector {
+	insts := make(map[addrs.InstanceKey]instances.RepetitionData, len(elems))
+	for key, val := range elems {
+		insts[addrs.StringKey(key)] = instances.RepetitionData{
+			EachKey:   cty.StringVal(key),
+			EachValue: val,
+		}
+	}
+	return &instanceSelectorForTesting{
+		keyType:   addrs.StringKeyType,
+		instances: insts,
+	}
+}
+
+type instanceSelectorForTesting struct {
+	keyType        addrs.InstanceKeyType
+	instances      map[addrs.InstanceKey]instances.RepetitionData
+	instancesMarks cty.ValueMarks
+}
+
+// InstanceKeyType implements InstanceSelector.
+func (i *instanceSelectorForTesting) InstanceKeyType() addrs.InstanceKeyType {
+	return i.keyType
+}
+
+// Instances implements InstanceSelector.
+func (i *instanceSelectorForTesting) Instances(ctx context.Context) (Maybe[InstancesSeq], cty.ValueMarks, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	return Known(InstancesSeq(maps.All(i.instances))), i.instancesMarks, nil
+}
+
+// InstancesSourceRange implements InstanceSelector.
+func (i *instanceSelectorForTesting) InstancesSourceRange() *tfdiags.SourceRange {
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call.go
index 5467874a11..b9607a5314 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call.go
@@ -7,11 +7,17 @@ package configgraph
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/apparentlymart/go-versions/versions"
 	"github.com/apparentlymart/go-workgraph/workgraph"
 	"github.com/hashicorp/hcl/v2"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
 
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/instances"
@@ -24,10 +30,42 @@ type ModuleCall struct {
 	Addr      addrs.AbsModuleCall
 	DeclRange tfdiags.SourceRange
 
+	// ParentSourceAddr is the source address of the module that contained
+	// this module call, which is then used as the base for resolving
+	// any relative addresses returned from SourceAddrValuer.
+	ParentSourceAddr addrs.ModuleSource
+
 	// InstanceSelector represents a rule for deciding which instances of
 	// this resource have been declared.
 	InstanceSelector InstanceSelector
 
+	// SourceAddrValuer and VersionConstraintValuer together describe how
+	// to select the module to be called.
+	//
+	// We currently require these to be equal for all instances of the
+	// module call because although in principle this new evaluation model
+	// could support entirely different declarations in each module, the
+	// surface syntax of HCL would make that very hard to use (can't easily
+	// set drastically different arguments for each instance) and this
+	// also allows us to echo the design for resource instances where we've
+	// effectively already baked in what schema we ought to be validating
+	// against before we try to evaluate the config body inside
+	// [ModuleCallInstance].
+	SourceAddrValuer        *OnceValuer
+	VersionConstraintValuer *OnceValuer
+
+	// ValidateSourceArguments is a callback function provided by whatever
+	// compiled this [ModuleCall] object that checks whether the source
+	// arguments are resolvable in the current execution context, so that we
+	// can report any problems just once at the call level rather than
+	// re-reporting the same problems once for each instance.
+	//
+	// Depending on what phase we're in this could either try to find a
+	// suitable module in a local cache directory or could even try to actually
+	// fetch a remote module over the network, and so this function may take
+	// a long time to return.
+	ValidateSourceArguments func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
 	// CompileCallInstance is a callback function provided by whatever
 	// compiled this [ModuleCall] object that knows how to produce a compiled
 	// [ModuleCallInstance] object once we know of the instance key and
@@ -36,7 +74,11 @@ type ModuleCall struct {
 	// This indirection allows the caller to take into account the same
 	// context it had available when it built this [ModuleCall] object, while
 	// incorporating the new information about this specific instance.
-	CompileCallInstance func(ctx context.Context, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *ModuleCallInstance
+	//
+	// This should only be called with a [ModuleSourceArguments] that was
+	// accepted by [ModuleCall.ValidateSourceArguments] without returning any
+	// errors.
+	CompileCallInstance func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *ModuleCallInstance
 
 	// instancesResult tracks the process of deciding which instances are
 	// currently declared for this provider config, and the result of that process.
@@ -57,9 +99,173 @@ func (c *ModuleCall) Instances(ctx context.Context) map[addrs.InstanceKey]*Modul
 	return result.Instances
 }
 
+func (c *ModuleCall) SourceArguments(ctx context.Context) (Maybe[ModuleSourceArguments], cty.ValueMarks, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	sourceVal, moreDiags := c.SourceAddrValuer.Value(ctx)
+	diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+	versionVal, moreDiags := c.VersionConstraintValuer.Value(ctx)
+	diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		// Not even valid enough to try anything else.
+		return nil, nil, diags
+	}
+
+	// We'll decode both source address and version together so that we can
+	// always return their combined marks even if one is invalid.
+	const sourceDiagSummary = "Invalid module source address"
+	const versionDiagSummary = "Invalid module version constraints"
+	sourceStr, sourceMarks, sourceErr := decodeModuleCallSourceArgumentString(sourceVal, false)
+	versionStr, versionMarks, versionErr := decodeModuleCallSourceArgumentString(versionVal, true)
+	allMarks := make(cty.ValueMarks)
+	maps.Copy(allMarks, sourceMarks)
+	maps.Copy(allMarks, versionMarks)
+
+	if sourceErr != nil {
+		var detail string
+		switch err := sourceErr.(type) {
+		case moduleSourceDependsOnResourcesError:
+			var buf strings.Builder
+			fmt.Fprintln(&buf, "The module source address value is derived from the results of the following resource instances:")
+			for _, addr := range err.instAddrs {
+				fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "  - %s\n", addr)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprint(&buf, "\n\nModule source selections cannot be based on resource results because they must remain consistent throughout each plan/apply round.")
+			detail = buf.String()
+		case moduleSourceDependsOnUpstreamEvalError:
+			// We intentionally don't generate any more diagnostics in this
+			// case because we assume that something upstream will already
+			// have reported error diagnostics for whatever caused this
+			// error.
+		default:
+			detail = fmt.Sprintf("Unsuitable value for module source address: %s.", tfdiags.FormatError(err))
+		}
+		if detail != "" {
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  sourceDiagSummary,
+				Detail:   detail,
+				Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	if versionErr != nil {
+		var detail string
+		switch err := sourceErr.(type) {
+		case moduleSourceDependsOnResourcesError:
+			var buf strings.Builder
+			fmt.Fprintln(&buf, "The module version constraints value is derived from the results of the following resource instances:")
+			for _, addr := range err.instAddrs {
+				fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "  - %s\n", addr)
+			}
+			fmt.Fprint(&buf, "\n\nModule source selections cannot be based on resource results because they must remain consistent throughout each plan/apply round.")
+			detail = buf.String()
+		case moduleSourceDependsOnUpstreamEvalError:
+			// We intentionally don't generate any more diagnostics in this
+			// case because we assume that something upstream will already
+			// have reported error diagnostics for whatever caused this
+			// error.
+		default:
+			detail = fmt.Sprintf("Unsuitable value for module version constraints: %s.", tfdiags.FormatError(err))
+		}
+		if detail != "" {
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  versionDiagSummary,
+				Detail:   detail,
+				Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return nil, allMarks, diags
+	}
+
+	sourceAddr, err := addrs.ParseModuleSource(sourceStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+			Summary:  sourceDiagSummary,
+			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Cannot use %q as module source address: %s.", sourceStr, tfdiags.FormatError(err)),
+			Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+		})
+		return nil, allMarks, diags
+	}
+	// If the specified source address is a relative path then we need to
+	// resolve it to absolute based on the source address where this
+	// module call appeared.
+	sourceAddr, err = addrs.ResolveRelativeModuleSource(c.ParentSourceAddr, sourceAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+			Summary:  sourceDiagSummary,
+			Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Cannot use %q as module source address: %s.", sourceStr, tfdiags.FormatError(err)),
+			Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+		})
+		return nil, allMarks, diags
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: It would be better if the rule for what source address types
+	// are allowed to have version constraints would live somewhere else,
+	// such as in "package addrs".
+	var allowedVersions versions.Set
+	if _, isRegistry := sourceAddr.(addrs.ModuleSourceRegistry); isRegistry {
+		if versionStr != "" {
+			vs, err := versions.MeetingConstraintsStringRuby(versionStr)
+			if err != nil {
+				diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+					Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+					Summary:  versionDiagSummary,
+					Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Cannot use %q as module version constraints: %s.", versionStr, tfdiags.FormatError(err)),
+					Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.VersionConstraintValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+				})
+				return nil, allMarks, diags
+			}
+			allowedVersions = vs
+		} else {
+			allowedVersions = versions.All
+		}
+	} else {
+		if versionStr != "" {
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  versionDiagSummary,
+				Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("Module source address %q does not support version constraints.", sourceAddr),
+				Subject:  MaybeHCLSourceRange(c.VersionConstraintValuer.ValueSourceRange()),
+			})
+			return nil, allMarks, diags
+		}
+	}
+
+	return Known(ModuleSourceArguments{
+		Source:          sourceAddr,
+		AllowedVersions: allowedVersions,
+	}), allMarks, diags
+}
+
 func (c *ModuleCall) decideInstances(ctx context.Context) (*compiledInstances[*ModuleCallInstance], tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 	return c.instancesResult.Do(ctx, func(ctx context.Context) (*compiledInstances[*ModuleCallInstance], tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
-		return compileInstances(ctx, c.InstanceSelector, c.CompileCallInstance)
+		// We intentionally ignore diagnostics and marks here because Value
+		// deals with those and skips calling this function at all when
+		// the arguments are too invalid.
+		maybeSourceArgs, _, _ := c.SourceArguments(ctx)
+		sourceArgs, ok := GetKnown(maybeSourceArgs)
+		if !ok {
+			// For our purposes here we just use this as a signal that we
+			// should not even try to select instances. [ModuleCall.Value]
+			// also checks this and skips even making use of the instances
+			// when the source arguments are invalid, and so we're just
+			// returning something valid enough for other callers to unwind
+			// successfully and move on here.
+			return &compiledInstances[*ModuleCallInstance]{
+				KeyType:    addrs.UnknownKeyType,
+				Instances:  nil,
+				ValueMarks: nil,
+			}, nil
+		}
+		return compileInstances(ctx, c.InstanceSelector, func(ctx context.Context, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *ModuleCallInstance {
+			return c.CompileCallInstance(ctx, sourceArgs, key, repData)
+		})
 	})
 }
 
@@ -70,8 +276,35 @@ func (c *ModuleCall) StaticCheckTraversal(traversal hcl.Traversal) tfdiags.Diagn
 
 // Value implements exprs.Valuer.
 func (c *ModuleCall) Value(ctx context.Context) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	// We'll first check whether the arguments specifying which module to
+	// call are valid, because we can't really do anything else if not.
+	maybeSourceArgs, sourceMarks, diags := c.SourceArguments(ctx)
+	sourceArgs, ok := GetKnown(maybeSourceArgs)
+	if !ok {
+		// Either the source information was invalid or was based on something
+		// that failed evaluation upstream, so we'll just bail out here.
+		// NOTE: It's possible for sourceArgs to be nil while diags does not
+		// have errors: we react in this way when the source information is
+		// unknown because it was derived from something that failed upstream,
+		// with the assumption that the upstream error generated its own
+		// diagnostics that'll come via another return path.
+		return cty.DynamicVal.WithMarks(sourceMarks), diags
+	}
+
+	// We'll validate that the source arguments are acceptable before we
+	// try to instantiate any instances, because otherwise we'd likely
+	// detect and report the same problems separately for each instance.
+	moreDiags := c.ValidateSourceArguments(ctx, sourceArgs)
+	diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+	if moreDiags.HasErrors() {
+		return cty.DynamicVal.WithMarks(sourceMarks), diags
+	}
+
+	// If the source args were acceptable then we'll decide what instances
+	// we have and then collect their individual results into our overall
+	// return value.
 	selection, diags := c.decideInstances(ctx)
-	return valueForInstances(ctx, selection), diags
+	return valueForInstances(ctx, selection).WithMarks(sourceMarks), diags
 }
 
 // ValueSourceRange implements exprs.Valuer.
@@ -95,6 +328,15 @@ func (c *ModuleCall) CheckAll(ctx context.Context) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
 }
 
 func (c *ModuleCall) AnnounceAllGraphevalRequests(announce func(workgraph.RequestID, grapheval.RequestInfo)) {
+	announce(c.SourceAddrValuer.RequestID(), grapheval.RequestInfo{
+		Name:        c.Addr.String() + " source address",
+		SourceRange: c.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange(),
+	})
+	announce(c.VersionConstraintValuer.RequestID(), grapheval.RequestInfo{
+		Name:        c.Addr.String() + " version constraint",
+		SourceRange: c.VersionConstraintValuer.ValueSourceRange(),
+	})
+
 	// There might be other grapheval requests in our dynamic instances, but
 	// they are hidden behind another request themselves so we'll try to
 	// report them only if that request was already started.
@@ -113,3 +355,74 @@ func (c *ModuleCall) AnnounceAllGraphevalRequests(announce func(workgraph.Reques
 		inst.AnnounceAllGraphevalRequests(announce)
 	}
 }
+
+// decodeModuleCallSourceArgumentString deals with the various requirements
+// that apply to both the source address _and_ version constraints strings
+// in a module call, producing an error that can be used as part of an
+// error diagnostic saying that the argument is invalid.
+//
+// If nullAllowed is true then a null value is represented by returning an
+// empty string. An _actual_ empty string is always rejected as invalid input,
+// so a successful result with an empty string always means that the given
+// value was null.
+func decodeModuleCallSourceArgumentString(v cty.Value, nullAllowed bool) (string, cty.ValueMarks, error) {
+	v, err := convert.Convert(v, cty.String)
+	retV, retMarks := v.Unmark()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+	if v.IsNull() {
+		if nullAllowed {
+			// Note that this is the only case where the result can be ""
+			// without returning an error, because we reject an _actual_
+			// empty string with an error later in this function.
+			return "", retMarks, nil
+		}
+		return "", retMarks, errors.New("value must not be null")
+	}
+	if ris := slices.Collect(ResourceInstanceAddrs(ContributingResourceInstances(v))); len(ris) != 0 {
+		// A module source argument is never allowed to depend on a resource
+		// instance result, even if its value happens to be known in the
+		// current evaluation context.
+		return "", retMarks, moduleSourceDependsOnResourcesError{ris}
+	}
+	if !v.IsKnown() {
+		// Although resource instance references are the main reason for
+		// it to be unknown, it could also be unknown if it were derived
+		// from an impure function during the planning phase, or from an
+		// input variable that was set to an unknown value.
+		//
+		// We use a special error type when the EvalError mark is present
+		// because in that case we want to be quiet and avoid distracting
+		// the user with an error message about unknown values when the
+		// unknown values were likely generated by OpenTofu itself as
+		// an implementation detail, rather than by a module authoring mistake.
+		if exprs.IsEvalError(v) {
+			return "", nil, moduleSourceDependsOnUpstreamEvalError{}
+		}
+		return "", retMarks, errors.New("depends on a value that won't be known until the apply phase")
+	}
+	ret := retV.AsString()
+	if ret == "" {
+		return "", retMarks, errors.New("must be a non-empty string")
+	}
+	return ret, retMarks, nil
+}
+
+type moduleSourceDependsOnResourcesError struct {
+	instAddrs []addrs.AbsResourceInstance
+}
+
+// Error implements error, though it returns only a generic error message
+// that should be substituted for something better when building a user-facing
+// diagnostic,
+func (m moduleSourceDependsOnResourcesError) Error() string {
+	return "must not be derived from resource instance attributes"
+}
+
+type moduleSourceDependsOnUpstreamEvalError struct{}
+
+// Error implements error.
+func (m moduleSourceDependsOnUpstreamEvalError) Error() string {
+	return "derived from upstream expression that was invalid"
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance.go
index dd5bf6395e..dc478d4b77 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance.go
@@ -30,32 +30,9 @@ type ModuleCallInstance struct {
 	// a separate address type for an "absolute module call instance".
 	ModuleInstanceAddr addrs.ModuleInstance
 
-	// SourceAddrValuer and VersionConstraintValuer together describe how
-	// to select the module to be called.
-	//
-	// Allowing the entire module content to vary between phases is too
-	// much chaos for our plan/apply model to really support, so we make
-	// a pragmatic compromise here of disallowing the results from these
-	// to be derived from any resource instances (even if the value happens
-	// to be currently known) and just generally disallowing unknown
-	// values regardless of where they are coming from. In practice resource
-	// instances are the main place unknown values come from, but this
-	// also excludes specifying the module to use based on impure functions
-	// like "timestamp" whose results aren't decided until the apply step.
-	//
-	// These are associated with call instances rather than the main call,
-	// and so it's possible for different instances of the same call to
-	// select completely different modules. While that's a somewhat esoteric
-	// thing to do, it would make it possible to e.g. write a module call that
-	// uses for_each where the associated values choose between multiple
-	// implementations of the same general abstraction. However, our surface
-	// language doesn't currently allow that -- it always evaluates these
-	// in the global scope rather than per-instance scope -- because the
-	// way module blocks are currently designed means that HCL wants the
-	// set of arguments to be fixed statically rather than chosen
-	// dynamically.
-	SourceAddrValuer        *OnceValuer
-	VersionConstraintValuer *OnceValuer
+	// Glue is provided by whatever compiled this object to allow us to learn
+	// more about the module that is being called.
+	Glue ModuleCallInstanceGlue
 
 	// InputsValuer is a valuer for all of the input variable values taken
 	// together as a single object. It's structured this way mainly for
@@ -65,26 +42,45 @@ type ModuleCallInstance struct {
 	// that allows constructing the entire map dynamically using expression
 	// syntax.
 	InputsValuer *OnceValuer
+
+	// TODO: Also something for the "providers side-channel", as represented
+	// by the "providers" meta-argument in the current language.
 }
 
 var _ exprs.Valuer = (*ModuleCallInstance)(nil)
 
 // StaticCheckTraversal implements exprs.Valuer.
 func (m *ModuleCallInstance) StaticCheckTraversal(traversal hcl.Traversal) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
-	// We only do dynamic checks of accessing a module call because we
-	// can't know what result type it will return without fetching and
-	// compiling the child module source code, and that's too heavy
-	// an operation for "static check".
+	// We don't perform any static type checking of accesses to a module's
+	// output value. Instead, we just wait until we have the final result
+	// in Value.
 	return nil
 }
 
 // Value implements exprs.Valuer.
 func (m *ModuleCallInstance) Value(ctx context.Context) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
-	// TODO: Evaluate the source address and version constraint and then
-	// use a new field with a callback to ask the compile layer to compile
-	// us a [evalglue.CompiledModuleInstance] for the child module, and
-	// then ask for its result value and return it.
-	panic("unimplemented")
+	inputsVal, diags := m.InputsValuer.Value(ctx)
+	if diags.HasErrors() {
+		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
+	}
+
+	moreDiags := m.Glue.ValidateInputs(ctx, inputsVal)
+	// FIXME: Our "contextual diagnostics" mechanism, where the callee provides
+	// an attribute path and then the caller discovers a suitable source range
+	// for each diagnostic based on information in the body, can only work
+	// when we have direct access to a [hcl.Body], but we intentionally
+	// abstracted that away here. We'll need to find a different design for
+	// contextual diagnostics that can work through the [exprs.Valuer]
+	// abstraction to make a best effort to interpret attribute paths against
+	// whatever the valuer was evaluating.
+	diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+	if moreDiags.HasErrors() {
+		return cty.DynamicVal, diags
+	}
+
+	// The actual result value is decided by our caller, which is expected
+	// to know how to actually find, compile, and evaluate the target module.
+	return exprs.EvalResult(m.Glue.OutputsValue(ctx, inputsVal))
 }
 
 // ValueSourceRange implements exprs.Valuer.
@@ -100,14 +96,6 @@ func (c *ModuleCallInstance) CheckAll(ctx context.Context) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
 }
 
 func (m *ModuleCallInstance) AnnounceAllGraphevalRequests(announce func(workgraph.RequestID, grapheval.RequestInfo)) {
-	announce(m.SourceAddrValuer.RequestID(), grapheval.RequestInfo{
-		Name:        m.ModuleInstanceAddr.String() + " source address",
-		SourceRange: m.SourceAddrValuer.ValueSourceRange(),
-	})
-	announce(m.VersionConstraintValuer.RequestID(), grapheval.RequestInfo{
-		Name:        m.ModuleInstanceAddr.String() + " version constraint",
-		SourceRange: m.VersionConstraintValuer.ValueSourceRange(),
-	})
 	announce(m.InputsValuer.RequestID(), grapheval.RequestInfo{
 		Name:        m.ModuleInstanceAddr.String() + " input variable values",
 		SourceRange: m.InputsValuer.ValueSourceRange(),
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e8e2d2eb94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue.go
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package configgraph
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/apparentlymart/go-versions/versions"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+)
+
+// ModuleCallInstanceGlue describes a callback API that [ModuleCallInstance]
+// objects use to ask the caller questions about the module that's being
+// called.
+//
+// Real implementations of this interface will sometimes block on fetching
+// a remote module package for inspection, or on operations caused by
+// declarations in the child module. If that external work depends on
+// information coming from any other part of this package's API then the
+// implementation of that MUST use the mechanisms from package grapheval in
+// order to cooperate with the self-dependency detection used by this package to
+// prevent deadlocks.
+type ModuleCallInstanceGlue interface {
+	// ValidateInputs determines whether the given value is a valid
+	// representation of the inputs to the target module, returning diagnostics
+	// describing any problems.
+	//
+	// TODO: This probably also needs an argument for describing the
+	// "sidechannel" provider instances, as would be specified in the "providers"
+	// meta-argument in the current language, so the callee can also check
+	// those.
+	ValidateInputs(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	// OutputsValue returns the value representing the outputs of this module
+	// instance. This is what should be returned as the value of the module
+	// instance.
+	//
+	// TODO: This probably also needs an argument for passing the "sidechannel"
+	// provider instance values.
+	OutputsValue(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics)
+}
+
+type ModuleSourceArguments struct {
+	// Source is the already-parsed-and-normalized module source address.
+	Source addrs.ModuleSource
+
+	// AllowedVersions describes what subset of the available versions are
+	// accepted, if the source type is one that supports version constraints.
+	//
+	// It's the responsibility of the [ModuleCall] logic to reject attempts
+	// to set a version constraint for a source type that doesn't support
+	// it, so a [ModuleSourceArguments] object should not be constructed
+	// with a nonzero value in this field when [Source] is not of a
+	// version-aware source type.
+	AllowedVersions versions.Set
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue_test.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdf9355524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_instance_glue_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package configgraph
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+type moduleInstanceGlueForTesting struct {
+	sourceAddr string
+}
+
+func (g *moduleInstanceGlueForTesting) ValidateInputs(ctx context.Context, configVal cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (g *moduleInstanceGlueForTesting) OutputsValue(ctx context.Context, configVal cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	// This simple test-only "glue" just echoes back the source address and
+	// config it was given, as a stub for testing [ModuleCall] and
+	// [ModuleCallInstance] alone without any "real" glue implementation.
+	//
+	// If you need something more specific in a particular test then it's
+	// reasonable to write additional implementations of
+	// [ModuleCallInstanceGlue].
+	return cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+		"source": cty.StringVal(g.sourceAddr),
+		"config": configVal,
+	}), nil
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_test.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..171ac1fb98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/configgraph/module_call_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package configgraph
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/instances"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/exprs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+)
+
+func TestModuleCall_Value(t *testing.T) {
+	testValuer(t, map[string]valuerTest[*ModuleCall]{
+		"remote source address": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("./"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("https://example.com/foo"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("https://example.com/foo"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"registry source address with no version": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("./"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("example.com/foo/bar/baz"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("example.com/foo/bar/baz"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"registry source address with version": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("./"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("example.com/foo/bar/baz"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("<= 2.0.0"),
+				)),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("example.com/foo/bar/baz"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"local source address relative to local": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("./modules/beep"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("../boop"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("./modules/boop"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"local source address relative to remote": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("https://example.com/foo.tar.gz//beep/beep"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("../boop"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("https://example.com/foo.tar.gz//beep/boop"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"local source address relative to remote escapes": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("https://example.com/foo.tar.gz//beep/beep"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("../../../outside"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.DynamicVal,
+			diagsForTest(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+				tfdiags.Error,
+				"Invalid module source address",
+				`Cannot use "../../../outside" as module source address: invalid relative path from https://example.com/foo.tar.gz//beep/beep: relative path ../../../outside has too many "../" segments.`,
+			)),
+		},
+		"local source address relative to registry": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("example.com/foo/bar/baz//beep/beep"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("../boop"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.ObjectVal(map[string]cty.Value{
+				"source": cty.StringVal("example.com/foo/bar/baz//beep/boop"),
+				"config": cty.EmptyObjectVal,
+			}),
+			nil,
+		},
+		"local source address relative to registry escapes": {
+			&ModuleCall{
+				ParentSourceAddr: addrs.MustParseModuleSource("example.com/foo/bar/baz//beep/beep"),
+				InstanceSelector: singleInstanceSelectorForTesting(),
+				SourceAddrValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(
+					cty.StringVal("../../../outside"),
+				)),
+				VersionConstraintValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))),
+				ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+					return nil
+				},
+				CompileCallInstance: compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting,
+			},
+			cty.DynamicVal,
+			diagsForTest(tfdiags.Sourceless(
+				tfdiags.Error,
+				"Invalid module source address",
+				`Cannot use "../../../outside" as module source address: invalid relative path from example.com/foo/bar/baz//beep/beep: relative path ../../../outside has too many "../" segments.`,
+			)),
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+// compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting is a simple implementation of
+// [ModuleCall.CompileCallInstance] that just returns a stub
+// [ModuleCallInstance] with its glue set to an instance of
+// [moduleInstanceGlueForTesting], so that the instance's result value
+// will be an object with "source" and "config" attributes just echoing
+// back the source that was passed in with an empty config.
+func compileModuleCallInstanceSimpleForTesting(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs ModuleSourceArguments, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *ModuleCallInstance {
+	return &ModuleCallInstance{
+		Glue: &moduleInstanceGlueForTesting{
+			sourceAddr: sourceArgs.Source.String(),
+		},
+		InputsValuer: ValuerOnce(exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.EmptyObjectVal)),
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies.go
index 27efc788c5..b7e9b04a5d 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
-	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs/configschema"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/providers"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ type ExternalModules interface {
 	// the implementation can potentially use a lock file to determine which
 	// version has been selected for that call in particular. forCall is
 	// nil when requesting the root module.
-	ModuleConfig(ctx context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, allowedVersions versions.Set, forCall *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (*configs.Module, tfdiags.Diagnostics)
+	ModuleConfig(ctx context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, allowedVersions versions.Set, forCall *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (UncompiledModule, tfdiags.Diagnostics)
 }
 
 // Providers is implemented by callers of this package to provide access
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ func ensureProvisioners(given Provisioners) Provisioners {
 }
 
 // ModuleConfig implements ExternalModules.
-func (e emptyDependencies) ModuleConfig(ctx context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, allowedVersions versions.Set, forCall *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (*configs.Module, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+func (e emptyDependencies) ModuleConfig(ctx context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, allowedVersions versions.Set, forCall *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (UncompiledModule, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
 	diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.Sourceless(
 		tfdiags.Error,
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies_testing.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies_testing.go
index 3a6e89ecab..46bf5f554d 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies_testing.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/dependencies_testing.go
@@ -9,31 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 
-	"github.com/apparentlymart/go-versions/versions"
 	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
 
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
-	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs/configschema"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/providers"
 	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
 )
 
-// ModulesForTesting returns an [ExternalModules] implementation that just
-// returns module objects directly from the provided map, without any additional
-// logic.
-//
-// This is intended for unit testing only, and only supports local module
-// source addresses because it has no means to resolve remote sources or
-// selected versions for registry-based modules.
-//
-// [configs.ModulesFromStringsForTesting] is a convenient way to build a
-// suitable map to pass to this function when the required configuration is
-// relatively small.
-func ModulesForTesting(modules map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module) ExternalModules {
-	return externalModulesStatic{modules}
-}
-
 // ProvidersForTesting returns a [Providers] implementation that just returns
 // information directly from the given map.
 //
@@ -50,26 +33,6 @@ func ProvisionersForTesting(schemas map[string]*configschema.Block) Provisioners
 	return provisionersStatic{schemas}
 }
 
-type externalModulesStatic struct {
-	modules map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module
-}
-
-// ModuleConfig implements ExternalModules.
-func (ms externalModulesStatic) ModuleConfig(_ context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, _ versions.Set, _ *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (*configs.Module, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
-	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
-	localSource, ok := source.(addrs.ModuleSourceLocal)
-	if !ok {
-		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("only local module source addresses are supported for this test"))
-		return nil, diags
-	}
-	ret, ok := ms.modules[localSource]
-	if !ok {
-		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("module path %q is not available to this test", localSource))
-		return nil, diags
-	}
-	return ret, diags
-}
-
 type providersStatic struct {
 	schemas map[addrs.Provider]*providers.GetProviderSchemaResponse
 }
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/module.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/module.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bc6cffc1fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue/module.go
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package evalglue
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/exprs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+)
+
+// UncompiledModule is an interface implemented by objects representing a
+// module that has not yet been "compiled" into a [CompiledModuleInstance].
+//
+// This provides the facilities needed to validate a module call in preparation
+// for using its settings to compile the module, and then for finally
+// actually compiling the module into a [CompiledModuleInstance].
+//
+// This interface abstracts over potentially multiple different implementations
+// representing different editions of the OpenTofu language, and so describes
+// the API that all editions should agree on to allow modules of different
+// editions to coexist and collaborate in a single configuration tree.
+type UncompiledModule interface {
+	// ValidateModuleInputs checks whether the given value is suitable to be
+	// used as the "inputs" when instantiating the module.
+	//
+	// In the current language "inputsVal" should always be of an object type
+	// whose attributes correspond to the input variables declared inside
+	// the module.
+	ValidateModuleInputs(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	// TODO: Something similar to ValidateInputs for the "providers sidechannel"
+	// so we can know what providers the child module is expecting to be passed
+	// and thus know what's supposed to be in the "providers" argument of the
+	// calling module block? Annoying to expose that directly as part of this
+	// abstraction but probably the most pragmatic way to do it as long as
+	// the providers sidechannel continues to exist.
+
+	// ModuleOutputsTypeConstraint returns the type constraint that the
+	// outputs value produced by all instances of this module would conform
+	// to. It's always valid to use the result with `cty.UnknownVal` to produce
+	// a placeholder for the result of an instance of this module.
+	//
+	// In the current language this should always describe an object type whose
+	// attributes correspond to the output values declared in the module.
+	ModuleOutputsTypeConstraint(ctx context.Context) cty.Type
+
+	// CompileModuleInstance uses the given [ModuleCall] to attempt to compile
+	// the module into a [CompiledModuleInstance], or returns error diagnostics
+	// explaining why that isn't possible.
+	CompileModuleInstance(ctx context.Context, call *ModuleCall) (CompiledModuleInstance, tfdiags.Diagnostics)
+}
+
+// ModuleCall represents the information needed to instantiate [UncompiledModule]
+// into [CompiledModuleInstance].
+type ModuleCall struct {
+	// InputValues describes the inputs to the module.
+	//
+	// The value produced by this valuer should have been previously
+	// successfully validated using [UncompiledModule.ValidateModuleInputs],
+	// or compilation is likely to fail with a potentially-confusing error.
+	InputValues exprs.Valuer
+
+	// AllowImpureFunctions controls whether to allow full use of a small
+	// number of functions that produce different results each time they are
+	// called, such as "timestamp".
+	//
+	// This should typically just be passed on verbatim from an equivalent
+	// setting in the parent module, because all module instances in a
+	// configuration instance should agree about whether impure functions
+	// are active.
+	AllowImpureFunctions bool
+
+	EvaluationGlue Glue
+
+	// EvalContext describes the context where the call is being made, dealing
+	// with cross-cutting concerns like which providers are available and how
+	// to load them.
+	//
+	// This should typically just be passed on verbatim from an equivalent
+	// setting in the parent module, because EvalContext holds cross-cutting
+	// concerns from the environment in which OpenTofu is running.
+	EvalContext *EvalContext
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/compile.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/compile.go
index 7d493543a9..5b6642d379 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/compile.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/compile.go
@@ -107,7 +107,10 @@ func CompileModuleInstance(
 		module.ModuleCalls,
 		topScope,
 		providersSidechannel,
+		moduleSourceAddr,
 		call.CalleeAddr,
+		call.EvalContext.Modules,
+		call,
 	)
 	ret.resourceNodes = compileModuleInstanceResources(ctx,
 		module.ManagedResources,
@@ -120,6 +123,15 @@ func CompileModuleInstance(
 		call.EvaluationGlue.ResourceInstanceValue,
 	)
 
+	// Now that we've assembled all of the innards of the module instance,
+	// we'll wire the output values up to the top-level module instance
+	// node so that it can produce the overall result object for this module
+	// instance.
+	ret.moduleInstanceNode.OutputValuers = make(map[addrs.OutputValue]*configgraph.OnceValuer, len(ret.outputValueNodes))
+	for addr, node := range ret.outputValueNodes {
+		ret.moduleInstanceNode.OutputValuers[addr] = configgraph.ValuerOnce(node)
+	}
+
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -378,61 +390,107 @@ func compileModuleInstanceModuleCalls(
 	configs map[string]*configs.ModuleCall,
 	declScope exprs.Scope,
 	providersSidechannel *moduleProvidersSideChannel,
+	parentSourceAddr addrs.ModuleSource,
 	moduleInstanceAddr addrs.ModuleInstance,
+	externalModules evalglue.ExternalModules,
+	parentCall *ModuleInstanceCall,
 ) map[addrs.ModuleCall]*configgraph.ModuleCall {
 	ret := make(map[addrs.ModuleCall]*configgraph.ModuleCall, len(configs))
 	for name, config := range configs {
 		addr := addrs.ModuleCall{Name: name}
+		absAddr := addr.Absolute(moduleInstanceAddr)
+
+		var versionConstraintValuer exprs.Valuer
+		if config.VersionAttr != nil {
+			versionConstraintValuer = exprs.NewClosure(
+				exprs.EvalableHCLExpression(config.VersionAttr.Expr),
+				declScope,
+			)
+		} else {
+			versionConstraintValuer = exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))
+		}
+
 		ret[addr] = &configgraph.ModuleCall{
 			Addr:             addr.Absolute(moduleInstanceAddr),
 			DeclRange:        tfdiags.SourceRangeFromHCL(config.DeclRange),
+			ParentSourceAddr: parentSourceAddr,
 			InstanceSelector: compileInstanceSelector(ctx, declScope, config.ForEach, config.Count, nil),
-			CompileCallInstance: func(ctx context.Context, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *configgraph.ModuleCallInstance {
-				var versionConstraintValuer exprs.Valuer
-				if config.VersionAttr != nil {
-					versionConstraintValuer = exprs.NewClosure(
-						exprs.EvalableHCLExpression(config.VersionAttr.Expr),
-						declScope,
-					)
-				} else {
-					versionConstraintValuer = exprs.ConstantValuer(cty.NullVal(cty.String))
+			SourceAddrValuer: configgraph.ValuerOnce(exprs.NewClosure(
+				exprs.EvalableHCLExpression(config.Source),
+				declScope,
+			)),
+			VersionConstraintValuer: configgraph.ValuerOnce(
+				versionConstraintValuer,
+			),
+			ValidateSourceArguments: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs configgraph.ModuleSourceArguments) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+				// We'll try to use the given source address with our
+				// [ExternalModules] object, and consider the arguments to be
+				// valid if this succeeds.
+				//
+				// If the [ExternalModules] object is one that fetches the
+				// requested module over the network on first request then we
+				// expect that it'll cache what it fetched somewhere so that
+				// a subsequent call with the same arguments will be relatively
+				// cheap.
+				_, diags := externalModules.ModuleConfig(ctx, sourceArgs.Source, sourceArgs.AllowedVersions, &absAddr)
+				return diags
+			},
+			CompileCallInstance: func(ctx context.Context, sourceArgs configgraph.ModuleSourceArguments, key addrs.InstanceKey, repData instances.RepetitionData) *configgraph.ModuleCallInstance {
+
+				// The contract for [configgraph.ModuleCall] is that it should only
+				// call this function when sourceArgs is something that was previously
+				// accepted by [ValidateSourceArguments]. We assume that the module
+				// dependencies object is doing some sort of caching so that if
+				// ValidateSourceArguments caused something to be downloaded over
+				// the network then we can re-request that same object cheaply here.
+				mod, diags := externalModules.ModuleConfig(ctx, sourceArgs.Source, sourceArgs.AllowedVersions, &absAddr)
+				if diags.HasErrors() {
+					// We should not typically find errors here because we would've
+					// already tried this in ValidateSourceArguments above, but
+					// we _do_ encounter problems here then we'll return a stubby
+					// object that just returns whatever diagnostics we found as
+					// soon as it tries to evaluate its inputs.
+					return &configgraph.ModuleCallInstance{
+						ModuleInstanceAddr: addr.Absolute(moduleInstanceAddr).Instance(key),
+						InputsValuer:       configgraph.ValuerOnce(exprs.ForcedErrorValuer(diags)),
+						Glue: &moduleCallInstanceGlue{
+							validateInputs: func(ctx context.Context, v cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+								return diags
+							},
+							getOutputsValue: func(ctx context.Context, v cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+								return cty.DynamicVal, diags
+							},
+						},
+					}
 				}
 
 				instanceScope := instanceLocalScope(declScope, repData)
 				return &configgraph.ModuleCallInstance{
 					ModuleInstanceAddr: addr.Absolute(moduleInstanceAddr).Instance(key),
 
-					// We _could_ potentially allow the source address and
-					// version constraint to vary between instances by
-					// binding these to the instance local scope, but we
-					// choose not to for now because the syntax for module
-					// blocks means it's not possible to vary which input
-					// variables are defined on a per-instance basis and so
-					// selecting different modules wouldn't work well unless
-					// they all had exactly the same input variable names.
-					SourceAddrValuer: configgraph.ValuerOnce(exprs.NewClosure(
-						exprs.EvalableHCLExpression(config.Source),
-						declScope,
-					)),
-					VersionConstraintValuer: configgraph.ValuerOnce(
-						versionConstraintValuer,
-					),
-
-					// The inputs value _can_ be derived from per-instance
-					// values though, of course! We use "just attributes"
-					// mode here because on the caller side we don't yet know
-					// what input variables the callee is expecting. We'll
-					// just send this whole value over to it and let it
-					// check whether the object type is acceptable.
 					InputsValuer: configgraph.ValuerOnce(exprs.NewClosure(
 						exprs.EvalableHCLBodyJustAttributes(config.Config),
 						instanceScope,
 					)),
-
-					// TODO: valuers for the "providers side-channel" from
-					// the "providers" meta-argument, or automatic passing
-					// of all of the default (unaliased) providers from
-					// the parent module if "providers" isn't present.
+					Glue: &moduleCallInstanceGlue{
+						validateInputs: func(ctx context.Context, v cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+							return mod.ValidateModuleInputs(ctx, v)
+						},
+						getOutputsValue: func(ctx context.Context, v cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+							modInst, diags := mod.CompileModuleInstance(ctx, &evalglue.ModuleCall{
+								InputValues:          exprs.ConstantValuer(v),
+								AllowImpureFunctions: parentCall.AllowImpureFunctions,
+								EvalContext:          parentCall.EvalContext,
+								EvaluationGlue:       parentCall.EvaluationGlue,
+							})
+							if diags.HasErrors() {
+								return cty.DynamicVal, diags
+							}
+							ret, moreDiags := modInst.ResultValuer(ctx).Value(ctx)
+							diags = diags.Append(moreDiags)
+							return ret, diags
+						},
+					},
 				}
 			},
 		}
@@ -537,3 +595,16 @@ func (r *resourceInstanceGlue) ValidateConfig(ctx context.Context, configVal cty
 func (r *resourceInstanceGlue) ResultValue(ctx context.Context, configVal cty.Value, providerInst configgraph.Maybe[*configgraph.ProviderInstance]) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
 	return r.getResultValue(ctx, configVal, providerInst)
 }
+
+type moduleCallInstanceGlue struct {
+	validateInputs  func(context.Context, cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics
+	getOutputsValue func(context.Context, cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics)
+}
+
+func (g *moduleCallInstanceGlue) ValidateInputs(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+	return g.validateInputs(ctx, inputsVal)
+}
+
+func (g *moduleCallInstanceGlue) OutputsValue(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) (cty.Value, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	return g.getOutputsValue(ctx, inputsVal)
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/doc.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/doc.go
index c96e789a47..595206e75f 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/doc.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/doc.go
@@ -23,6 +23,32 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
 )
 
+// === SOME HISTORICAL NOTES ===
+//
+// For those who are coming here with familiarity with the original runtime
+// in "package tofu", you might like to think of the types in this package as
+// being _roughly_ analogous to the "graph builder" mechanism in package tofu.
+//
+// There are some notable differences that are worth knowing before you dive
+// in here, though:
+//
+// - The "compile" code here is intentionally written as much as possible as
+//   straight-through code that runs to completion and returns a value, whereas
+//   package tofu's graph builders instead follow an inversion-of-control style
+//   where a bunch of transformers are run sequentially and each make arbitrary
+//   modifications to a shared mutable data structure.
+// - The "graph" that this code is building is based on the types in the sibling
+//   package "configgraph", which at the time of writing has its own "historical
+//   notes" like this describing how it relates to the traditional graph model.
+// - An express goal of this "compiler" layer is to create an abstraction
+//   boundary between the current surface language, presently implemented in
+//   "package configs", and the execution engine which ideally cares only about
+//   the relationships between objects and the values flowing between them.
+//   Therefore nothing in package configgraph should depend on anything from
+//   package configs, and configgraph should also only be using HCL directly for
+//   some ancillary concepts like diagnostics and traversals, and even those
+//   maybe we'll replace with some OpenTofu-specific wrapper types in future.
+
 // Temporary note about possible future plans:
 //
 // Currently this package is working with [configs.Module] and the other types
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/module_instance_scope.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/module_instance_scope.go
index d8372befe0..13a651de0e 100644
--- a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/module_instance_scope.go
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/module_instance_scope.go
@@ -207,14 +207,17 @@ func (m *moduleInstanceScope) resolveSimpleChildAttr(topSymbol string, ref hcl.T
 		return exprs.ValueOf(v), diags
 
 	case "module":
-		// TODO: Handle this
-		diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
-			Severity: hcl.DiagError,
-			Summary:  "Module call references not yet supported",
-			Detail:   "This experimental new implementation does not yet support referring to module calls.",
-			Subject:  &ref.SrcRange,
-		})
-		return nil, diags
+		v, ok := m.inst.moduleCallNodes[addrs.ModuleCall{Name: ref.Name}]
+		if !ok {
+			diags = diags.Append(&hcl.Diagnostic{
+				Severity: hcl.DiagError,
+				Summary:  "Reference to undeclared module call",
+				Detail:   fmt.Sprintf("There is no module call named %q declared in this module.", ref.Name),
+				Subject:  &ref.SrcRange,
+			})
+			return nil, diags
+		}
+		return exprs.ValueOf(v), diags
 
 	default:
 		// We should not get here because there should be a case above for
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/testing.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/testing.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d9ddee85c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/testing.go
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package tofu2024
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/apparentlymart/go-versions/versions"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+)
+
+// This file contains test helpers for use in other packages. These functions
+// must not be used in non-test code.
+
+// ModulesForTesting returns an [evalglue.ExternalModules] implementation that just
+// returns module objects directly from the provided map, without any additional
+// logic.
+//
+// This is intended for unit testing only, and only supports local module
+// source addresses because it has no means to resolve remote sources or
+// selected versions for registry-based modules.
+//
+// [configs.ModulesFromStringsForTesting] is a convenient way to build a
+// suitable map to pass to this function when the required configuration is
+// relatively small.
+func ModulesForTesting(modules map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module) evalglue.ExternalModules {
+	return externalModulesStatic{modules}
+}
+
+type externalModulesStatic struct {
+	modules map[addrs.ModuleSourceLocal]*configs.Module
+}
+
+// ModuleConfig implements ExternalModules.
+func (ms externalModulesStatic) ModuleConfig(_ context.Context, source addrs.ModuleSource, _ versions.Set, _ *addrs.AbsModuleCall) (evalglue.UncompiledModule, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+	localSource, ok := source.(addrs.ModuleSourceLocal)
+	if !ok {
+		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("only local module source addresses are supported for this test"))
+		return nil, diags
+	}
+	mod, ok := ms.modules[localSource]
+	if !ok {
+		diags = diags.Append(fmt.Errorf("module path %q is not available to this test", localSource))
+		return nil, diags
+	}
+	return NewUncompiledModule(source, mod), diags
+}
diff --git a/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/uncompiled.go b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/uncompiled.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..667b151d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/lang/eval/internal/tofu2024/uncompiled.go
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+// Copyright (c) The OpenTofu Authors
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+// Copyright (c) 2023 HashiCorp, Inc.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MPL-2.0
+
+package tofu2024
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty"
+	"github.com/zclconf/go-cty/cty/convert"
+
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/addrs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/configs"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/lang/eval/internal/evalglue"
+	"github.com/opentofu/opentofu/internal/tfdiags"
+)
+
+type uncompiledModule struct {
+	sourceAddr addrs.ModuleSource
+	mod        *configs.Module
+}
+
+func NewUncompiledModule(sourceAddr addrs.ModuleSource, mod *configs.Module) evalglue.UncompiledModule {
+	return &uncompiledModule{sourceAddr, mod}
+}
+
+// ValidateModuleInputs implements evalglue.UncompiledModule.
+func (u *uncompiledModule) ValidateModuleInputs(ctx context.Context, inputsVal cty.Value) tfdiags.Diagnostics {
+	var diags tfdiags.Diagnostics
+
+	ty := inputsVal.Type()
+	if !ty.IsObjectType() {
+		// NOTE: As long as the rest of the system is building inputsVal by
+		// decoding an HCL body we shouldn't be able to get here, so this
+		// case is just here for robustness in case we change some assumptions
+		// in future.
+		diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+			tfdiags.Error,
+			"Invalid module inputs value",
+			"Module inputs must be represented as an object whose attributes correspond to the child module's input variables.",
+			nil, // empty path representing that the top-level object is invalid
+		))
+	}
+
+	decls := u.mod.Variables
+	for name, decl := range decls {
+		if !ty.HasAttribute(name) {
+			if decl.Required() {
+				diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+					tfdiags.Error,
+					"Missing definition for required input variable",
+					fmt.Sprintf("The child module requires a value for the input variable %q.", name),
+					cty.GetAttrPath(name),
+				))
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		v := inputsVal.GetAttr(name)
+		wantTy := decl.ConstraintType
+		_, err := convert.Convert(v, wantTy)
+		if err != nil {
+			diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+				tfdiags.Error,
+				"Invalid value for input variable",
+				fmt.Sprintf("Unsuitable value for input variable %q: %s.", name, tfdiags.FormatError(err)),
+				cty.GetAttrPath(name),
+			))
+		}
+	}
+
+	for name := range ty.AttributeTypes() {
+		_, declared := decls[name]
+		if !declared {
+			diags = diags.Append(tfdiags.AttributeValue(
+				tfdiags.Error,
+				"Definition for undeclared input variable",
+				fmt.Sprintf("The child module has no input variable named %q.", name),
+				cty.GetAttrPath(name),
+			))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return diags
+}
+
+// ModuleOutputsTypeConstraint implements evalglue.UncompiledModule.
+func (u *uncompiledModule) ModuleOutputsTypeConstraint(ctx context.Context) cty.Type {
+	atys := make(map[string]cty.Type)
+	for name := range u.mod.Outputs {
+		// We don't currently support type constraints on output values, so
+		// they are always cty.DynamicPseudoType to represent what the surface
+		// language calls "any".
+		atys[name] = cty.DynamicPseudoType
+	}
+	return cty.Object(atys)
+}
+
+// CompileModuleInstance implements evalglue.UncompiledModule.
+func (u *uncompiledModule) CompileModuleInstance(ctx context.Context, call *evalglue.ModuleCall) (evalglue.CompiledModuleInstance, tfdiags.Diagnostics) {
+	rootModuleCall := &ModuleInstanceCall{
+		CalleeAddr:           addrs.RootModuleInstance,
+		InputValues:          call.InputValues,
+		EvaluationGlue:       call.EvaluationGlue,
+		AllowImpureFunctions: call.AllowImpureFunctions,
+		EvalContext:          call.EvalContext,
+	}
+	rootModuleInstance := CompileModuleInstance(ctx, u.mod, u.sourceAddr, rootModuleCall)
+	return rootModuleInstance, nil
+}